spring_web_dart 0.4.2

Spring Web for Dart: @GetMapping, @PathVariable, @RequestBody, ResponseEntity, server-sent events and HTTP/WebSocket client transports for the VM, Flutter and the web.

spring_web_dart

No backward compatibility before 1.0. Any release may rename or change APIs, properties and behaviour; the breaking changes are listed in each package's CHANGELOG.

Spring's spring-web for Dart: the request mapping annotations (@GetMapping, @PostMapping, @PathVariable, @RequestParam, @RequestHeader, @CookieValue, @RequestBody), the controller annotations (@RestController, @ExceptionHandler, @ControllerAdvice, @ResponseStatus, @CrossOrigin), HTTP types (ResponseEntity, HttpHeaders, HttpStatus, HttpMethod, MediaType, ProblemDetail), HTTP and WebSocket client transports for the VM, Flutter and the web, server-sent events (EventStream<T>), and the server-side contracts (ServerHttpRequest, ServerHttpResponse, HttpHandler, HandlerMapping, PathPattern). Only spring_core_dart as a dependency.

The annotations are read by Feign clients (spring_boot_starter_feign): an annotated interface becomes an injectable HTTP client. The same annotations map controllers in spring_boot_starter_web, which serves them on top of the server types below. WebSocket interfaces (@WebSocketClient) and endpoints (@WebSocketEndpoint) come from spring_boot_starter_websocket.

dependencies:
  spring_web_dart: ^0.4.2

In the guides: server, 3. Web, app, 6. Server access.

Annotations

@FeignClient('catalog', url: r'${catalog.url}')   // from spring_boot_starter_feign
abstract interface class CatalogClient {
  @GetMapping('/books/{isbn}')
  Future<Book> find(@PathVariable('isbn') String isbn);

  @GetMapping('/books')
  Future<List<Book>> search(@RequestParam('q') String query, {@RequestParam() int page = 0});

  @GetMapping.of(path: '/books', headers: ['X-Api-Version=2'])
  Future<List<Book>> filter(@RequestParam() Map<String, Object?> filters);  // ?author=...&year=...

  @PostMapping.of(path: '/books', consumes: MediaType.applicationJson)
  Future<ResponseEntity<Book>> create(
    @RequestBody() Book book,
    @RequestHeader('X-Request-Id') String requestId,
  );

  @GetMapping()                                       // no path: the base path of the client
  Future<List<Book>> all({@RequestParam('sort') String sort = 'title'});

  @DeleteMapping('/books/{isbn}')
  Future<void> delete(@PathVariable() String isbn);   // {isbn}: the parameter name
}

Annotation	On	Meaning
@GetMapping([path]), @PostMapping, @PutMapping, @PatchMapping, @DeleteMapping	method	HTTP method and path (/books/{isbn}); no path (@GetMapping()) maps the base path of the client (or the path of the class)
@GetMapping.of({path, headers, produces, consumes}) (also @PostMapping.of, ...)	method	the same with every attribute by name: headers: ['Name=value'] (Spring's syntax), produces (Accept), consumes (Content-Type)
@RequestMapping([path]), @RequestMapping.of({path, method, headers, produces, consumes})	method	any method (method: HttpMethod.head; GET by default)
@PathVariable(['name'])	parameter	fills {name} of the path (URL-encoded)
@RequestParam(['name'])	parameter	a query parameter; null is left out, a list repeats it, a Map gives one per entry
@RequestHeader(['name'])	parameter	a header; null is left out, a list gives several values, a Map one header per entry
@CookieValue(['name'])	parameter	a cookie (Cookie: name=value; ...); null is left out
@RequestBody()	parameter	the body (JSON)
@RequestPart(['name'])	parameter	a part of a multipart/form-data body: a file (MultipartFile, List<MultipartFile>), a text field, or an object as a JSON part

Without a name, @PathVariable(), @RequestParam(), @RequestHeader() and @CookieValue() use the parameter name (the generator keeps parameter names). All mapping annotations implement Mapping (method, path, headers, produces, consumes; path is '' for none), so code that reads them can use annotations.whereType<Mapping>().

The Dart parameter says what required and defaultValue say in Spring: a nullable parameter (String? q) is optional and a null argument is left out (a path variable becomes an empty string), a default value ({int page = 0}) is the argument when the caller passes none, and a non-nullable parameter cannot be null.

Controller annotations

Read by spring_boot_starter_web (they live here so other starters can see them without depending on the server):

Annotation	On	Spring	Meaning
@RestController([name])	class	@RestController	a bean (a @Controller) whose mapped methods answer requests; the return value is the body
@RequestMapping('/api/books')	class	the same	the path prefix (and produces, consumes, headers) of every method
@ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.created, reason: ...)	method, class	the same	the status of a normal answer; with reason an error with that detail
@ExceptionHandler([types])	method	the same	handles exceptions of the controller's handlers (or of all, in an advice); the types come from the exception parameter, or types (exact runtime types)
@ControllerAdvice([name]), @RestControllerAdvice([name])	class	the same	exception handlers for every controller, tried in @Order
@CrossOrigin(origins:, originPatterns:, methods:, allowedHeaders:, exposedHeaders:, allowCredentials:, maxAge:)	class, method	the same	allows cross-origin requests; maxAge in seconds

On a server, @RequestMapping.of(headers: [...]) is a condition ('Name', '!Name', 'Name=value', 'Name!=value'), and produces / consumes take comma-separated media types. The mapping annotations and @ExceptionHandler are marked @BeanMethodAnnotation(), so the generator describes such methods (parameters, annotations, result type) in the bean definition.

HTTP types

Type	Spring	What
ResponseEntity<T>	ResponseEntity<T>	status code, headers and body; ResponseEntity.ok(body), created(uri).body(x), notFound().build()
HttpHeaders	HttpHeaders	case-insensitive, several values per name, order and casing kept; forEach((name, values)), toSingleValueMap(), contentType, accept, eTag, ifNoneMatch, lastModified, date, contentDisposition, location, contentLength, setBearerAuth, setBasicAuth; name constants HttpHeaders.contentTypeHeader, ...
HttpStatus	HttpStatus	every Spring 7 constant (notFound, unprocessableContent, contentTooLarge, ...) as an int; reasonPhrase, series, is2xxSuccessful, is4xxClientError, isError, ...; valueOf(404), resolve(599)
HttpStatusCode	HttpStatusCode	any code (statusCode of responses): HttpStatusCode.valueOf(599).is5xxServerError
HttpStatusSeries	HttpStatus.Series	informational, successful, redirection, clientError, serverError
HttpMethod	HttpMethod	get, post, ...; value is GET, parse('POST')
MediaType	MediaType	applicationJson, applicationProblemJson, ...; parse, includes, isCompatibleWith

final headers = HttpHeaders()
  ..contentType = MediaType.applicationJson
  ..setBearerAuth(token);
headers.forEach((name, values) => print('$name: ${values.join(', ')}'));

if (response.statusCode.is2xxSuccessful) { ... }
if (response.statusCode == HttpStatus.notFound) { ... }
HttpStatus.valueOf(503).reasonPhrase;   // 'Service Unavailable'

Errors: ProblemDetail

Type	Spring	What
ProblemDetail	ProblemDetail	an RFC 9457 body (application/problem+json): type (about:blank), title (the status's reason phrase by default), status, detail, instance, extra properties; forStatus, forStatusAndDetail, setProperty, toJson, fromJson
ErrorResponse	ErrorResponse	an exception that knows its answer: statusCode, headers, body (a ProblemDetail)
ErrorResponseException	the same	an ErrorResponse to throw or extend: ErrorResponseException(status, body:, headers:, cause:)
ResponseStatusException	the same	throw ResponseStatusException(HttpStatus.notFound, 'No book 9')

final problem = ProblemDetail.forStatusAndDetail(HttpStatus.notFound, 'No book 978-0')
  ..setProperty('isbn', '978-0');
problem.toJson();
// {type: about:blank, title: Not Found, status: 404, detail: No book 978-0, isbn: 978-0}

HttpHeaders, HttpStatus, HttpRequest and HttpResponse share their names with dart:io classes; in a file that needs both, import dart:io with a prefix (import 'dart:io' as io;) or hide them.

Multipart and files

The types behind uploads, shared by the server (spring_boot_starter_web) and the clients (Feign):

Type	Spring	What
MultipartFile	MultipartFile	an uploaded file: name, originalFilename, contentType, size, isEmpty, headers, bytes, openRead(), transferTo(path)
InMemoryMultipartFile	MockMultipartFile (roughly)	a MultipartFile held in memory (InMemoryMultipartFile.fromString(name, text)); a file a client sends
MultipartParser	the parsing of StandardServletMultipartResolver	reads a multipart/* body part by part, streaming (MultipartParser.boundaryOf(contentType), bind(body))
MultipartBody, MultipartBodyPart	MultipartBodyBuilder	writes a multipart/form-data body: MultipartBodyPart.field, .file, .json; contentType (with the boundary), encode()
MediaTypeFactory	MediaTypeFactory	MediaTypeFactory.getMediaType('cover.png') → image/png (from the extension; null when unknown)

final body = MultipartBody([
  MultipartBodyPart.field('title', 'Dune'),
  MultipartBodyPart.file('cover', bytes, filename: 'dune.png'),   // image/png from the name
]);
request.headers.contentType = body.contentType;
request.add(body.encode());

How a controller binds the parts, the upload limits and Resource downloads are in the web starter's Files section; MockMultipartFile (in package:spring_web_dart/testing.dart) is Spring's test file for MockMvc.multipart.

HTTP transport

HttpTransport sends an HttpRequest and returns an HttpResponse with status, headers and body bytes. Every status code is a response; network failures and timeouts throw HttpTransportException (isTimeout).

final transport = platformHttpTransport(connectTimeout: const Duration(seconds: 3));
final response = await transport.send(
  HttpRequest(
    method: HttpMethod.post,
    url: Uri.parse('https://api.neon.books/books'),
    headers: HttpHeaders({HttpHeaders.contentTypeHeader: MediaType.applicationJson}),
    body: utf8.encode('{"isbn":"1"}'),
    readTimeout: const Duration(seconds: 60),   // each wait for data
  ),
);
if (response.statusCode.is2xxSuccessful) print(response.bodyText);
transport.close();

Two optional timeouts: readTimeout is the longest wait for data — for the response, then between two chunks of the body (Spring's and Feign's read timeout); timeout is a deadline for the whole exchange. When one runs out the request is aborted with an HttpTransportException (isTimeout). followRedirects: false returns a 3xx response instead of following it.

Transport	Platforms	Import
platformHttpTransport()	picks the one below	package:spring_web_dart/spring_web_dart.dart
IoHttpTransport	VM, Flutter Android/iOS/desktop (dart:io HttpClient)	package:spring_web_dart/io.dart
FetchHttpTransport	web, Flutter web (fetch through dart:js_interop)	package:spring_web_dart/browser.dart
MockHttpTransport	tests	package:spring_web_dart/testing.dart (in an application: from spring_boot_starter_test)
your own	e.g. on Dio or package:http	implement HttpTransport (send, stream, close)

IoHttpTransport follows redirects as far as HttpClient does (GET and HEAD, 303 after a POST) and aborts the request when a timeout runs out. FetchHttpTransport follows redirects (followRedirects: false gives the browser's opaque redirect, status 0) and aborts through an AbortController; on the web the server must allow the request (CORS) — a blocked request is an HttpTransportException.

Streaming responses

transport.stream(request) returns as soon as the status and headers arrive; the body comes as byte chunks (StreamedHttpResponse.body). The request's timeout and readTimeout cover only the wait for the headers. Cancelling the subscription closes the connection.

final response = await transport.stream(request);
if (!response.isSuccess) throw StateError((await response.read()).bodyText);
await for (final chunk in response.body) { ... }

Server-sent events

A text/event-stream response is a stream of events. The type for it is EventStream<T>: it is a Stream<T> of the data, so the usual case needs no wrapper type; the whole events (ServerSentEvent<T> with id, event, retry, comment) are there through .events.

@FeignClient('orders', url: r'${orders.url}')
abstract interface class OrdersClient {
  @GetMapping('/orders/events')
  EventStream<OrderEvent> events();
}

await for (final order in orders.events()) {
  print(order.status);
}
orders.events().events.listen((e) => print('${e.id} ${e.event} ${e.data}'));

EventStream is cold: each listener opens its own connection, cancelling (or break in await for) closes it. EventStream.fromIterable, EventStream.of and EventStream.fromEvents build one for fallbacks and tests.

Under the Feign method: connectServerSentEvents opens the connection and reconnects like the browser's EventSource (SseReconnect: after the delay or the server's retry:, sending Last-Event-ID; 204 No Content stops), and SseDecoder parses the body following the HTML specification. Both work on any HttpTransport, Feign or not.

Differs from Spring. Spring has no EventStream: WebClient and @HttpExchange interfaces return Flux<ServerSentEvent<T>> (or Flux<T>), and Spring Cloud OpenFeign cannot stream at all. Here the event wrapper is folded into the stream type, and reconnection is built in (in Spring it is Flux.retryWhen).

WebSocket transport

WebSocketTransport.connect(url) opens a WebSocketSession (Spring's name): incoming messages (String for text frames, Uint8List for binary), sendMessage, acceptedProtocol, isOpen, close([status]) and closeStatus, with CloseStatus and Spring's constants (CloseStatus.normal, goingAway, policyViolation, ...; withReason, equalsCode). The declarative client on top is @WebSocketClient in spring_boot_starter_websocket.

final sockets = platformWebSocketTransport();
final session = await sockets.connect(
  Uri.parse('wss://chat.neon.books/ws'),
  headers: HttpHeaders({'Authorization': 'Bearer $token'}),
  timeout: const Duration(seconds: 5),
);
session.messages.listen(print);
session.sendMessage('{"text":"hi"}');
await session.close();          // CloseStatus.normal; or e.g.
// await session.close(CloseStatus.policyViolation.withReason('no token'));

Transport	Platforms	Import
platformWebSocketTransport()	picks the one below	package:spring_web_dart/spring_web_dart.dart
IoWebSocketTransport	VM, Flutter Android/iOS/desktop (dart:io WebSocket)	package:spring_web_dart/io.dart
BrowserWebSocketTransport	web, Flutter web (WebSocket through dart:js_interop)	package:spring_web_dart/browser.dart
MockWebSocketTransport	tests	package:spring_web_dart/testing.dart (in an application: from spring_boot_starter_test)

Browsers send no custom headers with the WebSocket handshake: BrowserWebSocketTransport fails when headers is not empty, so pass a token as a query parameter or a protocol on the web.

Server side

The contracts a web server and the application meet on. The web starter's dart:io server and MockMvc both implement them, so filters, controllers and WebSocket endpoints never see the server behind them.

Type	Spring	What
ServerHttpRequest	ServerHttpRequest	method, uri, path, headers, queryParameters, cookies, remoteAddress, isSecure, attributes, principal, body (a stream, read once; readBodyBytes, readBodyText, contentType), isWebSocketUpgrade, upgradeToWebSocket
ServerHttpResponse	ServerHttpResponse	statusCode, headers (until isCommitted), addCookie(ResponseCookie(...)), add, write, flush, addStream, close, done (closed or the client went away); send(status, text)
ServerHttpRequestDecorator, ServerHttpResponseDecorator	the same	forward everything to a delegate; override one member (a filter changing the path or the principal)
ResponseCookie	ResponseCookie	a Set-Cookie value: maxAge, domain, path, secure, httpOnly, sameSite, partitioned
Principal	java.security.Principal	who sent the request (name); set by an authentication filter
HttpHandler, FunctionHttpHandler	HttpHandler	answers one request; the web starter's dispatcher is one
HandlerMapping	HandlerMapping	finds the handler of a request (getHandler, or null); the web starter asks every HandlerMapping bean in @Order
RequestContextHolder	RequestContextHolder	currentRequest: the request being handled, anywhere in its handling (each request runs in its own Zone)
PathPattern	PathPattern	/books/{isbn}, {isbn:\d+}, {*rest}, *, ?, **; match(path)?.variables, matches, combine; the most specific first (compareTo)

final pattern = PathPattern.parse('/books/{isbn}');
pattern.match('/books/978-0')?.variables;   // {isbn: 978-0}
pattern.matches('/books/');                 // false: a trailing slash matters, as in Spring 6

final class HealthMapping implements HandlerMapping {
  @override
  HttpHandler? getHandler(ServerHttpRequest request) => request.path == '/health'
      ? FunctionHttpHandler((request, response) => response.send(200, 'UP'))
      : null;
}

For tests, MockServerHttpRequest and MockServerHttpResponse (with bodyText, json, events and eventStream for server-sent events) and WebSocketSessionPair (two connected sessions in memory) are in package:spring_web_dart/testing.dart; an application gets them, with MockMvc on top, from spring_boot_starter_test.

Testing: MockHttpTransport

Prepared answers instead of a server, and a record of what was sent (like Spring's MockRestServiceServer). In a Spring Boot application with Feign or WebSocket, import them from spring_boot_starter_test (the test dependency it has anyway) instead:

import 'package:spring_web_dart/testing.dart';

final transport = MockHttpTransport();
transport.when(HttpMethod.get, '/books/1').respond(200, json: {'isbn': '1', 'title': 'Dune'});
transport.when(HttpMethod.get, '/books?q=dune').respond(200, json: []);    // query must match
transport.when(HttpMethod.get, 'https://api.neon.books/stock').respond(503);
transport.when(HttpMethod.get, '/flaky').fail(HttpTransportException('down'));
transport.when(HttpMethod.get, '/flaky').respond(200, body: 'up');          // second call
transport
    .when(HttpMethod.post, '/books')
    .respondWith((request) => HttpResponse(201, body: request.body!, request: request));

// In a Spring Boot test the Feign clients then talk to the mock:
final app = springBootTest(springApplication, overrides: [BeanOverride<HttpTransport>(transport)]);

expect(transport.lastRequest.headers['Accept'], 'application/json');
expect(transport.requests, hasLength(2));

Several when for the same request answer in order, the last one repeats. A request nobody expected throws a StateError that lists the expected ones.

Event streams: respondEvents([...]) answers with a text/event-stream body (data that is not a String is written as JSON; keepOpen: true keeps the response open), respondStream(status, () => chunks) with any streamed body.

transport
  ..when(HttpMethod.get, '/orders/events').respondEvents([
    ServerSentEvent({'id': 1, 'status': 'NEW'}, id: '1'),
  ])
  ..when(HttpMethod.get, '/orders/events').respond(204); // the reconnect stops

Testing: MockWebSocketTransport

Plays the server of every connection:

final sockets = MockWebSocketTransport();
// In a Spring Boot test: withBean<WebSocketTransport>(sockets)

final server = await sockets.nextConnection;   // waits for the client to connect
server.pushJson({'from': 'ann', 'text': 'hi'}); // server → client
expect(server.sentJson, [{'text': 'hello'}]);   // what the client sent
server.drop();                                   // connection lost (1006)
sockets.failNextConnect();                       // the next connect fails

Differences from Spring

• Mapping headers use Spring's 'Name=value'. A client sends them; entries that are only conditions for a server ('Name', '!Name', 'Name!=value') are ignored, as Spring Cloud OpenFeign does. Feign's 'Name: value' is rejected at startup.
• Attributes next to a positional path are written with the .of constructor: Dart cannot combine an optional positional parameter with named ones, so @GetMapping('/books', produces: ...) is @GetMapping.of(path: '/books', produces: ...). @GetMapping() and @GetMapping('/books') stay as in Spring. produces and consumes take one media type, not a list.
• No required or defaultValue on @RequestParam, @RequestHeader, @PathVariable, @RequestPart and @RequestBody: the Dart parameter says it. A nullable parameter is optional (required = false), a default value is the value when there is none (defaultValue), any other parameter is required: @RequestParam(name = "page", defaultValue = "0") int page is @RequestParam('page') int page = 0.
• HttpStatus constants are ints (an extension type), not enum values: they compare with status codes directly, toString() is the number (no name()), 100 Continue is HttpStatus.continue_ (as in dart:io), and the deprecated aliases (PAYLOAD_TOO_LARGE, UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY) are left out. The statusCode of responses is an HttpStatusCode (also an int).
• HttpHeaders name constants end in Header (HttpHeaders.contentTypeHeader, as in dart:io), because the typed accessors use the plain names (headers.contentType); contentType is a String, accept a List<MediaType>, lastModified / date are DateTime? (null instead of -1) and contentDisposition is null when there is none (Spring: an empty one). operator [] gives the first value, getAll all of them, and toMap() joins several values with , (toSingleValueMap() keeps the first).
• MediaType constants are Strings (Spring's ..._VALUE constants), so they work in annotations; MediaType.parse gives a MediaType object (Spring's parseMediaType) with includes, isCompatibleWith, charset, qualityValue. Parameters follow Spring's rules (tokens or quoted values, a parameter without = ignored, the last of a repeated name kept), but a charset only has to be a legal name: Dart knows few encodings (UTF-8, ISO-8859-1, US-ASCII), so charset is null for the others instead of an "unsupported charset" error, and HttpResponse.bodyText falls back to UTF-8.
• ResponseEntity builders end in body(...) or build<T>(); ResponseEntity.ok(body) is a constructor (Spring's ok() builder is ResponseEntity.status(HttpStatus.ok)). ResponseEntity.of takes a nullable body (Dart has no Optional), like ofNullable. == compares lists, sets and maps in the body by content.
• HttpHeaders.addAll(name, values) adds the values of one name; addHeaders(other) is Spring's addAll(HttpHeaders) and putAll(other) its putAll(HttpHeaders) (Dart has no overloads). size counts names.
• HttpMethod.parse is case-sensitive like Spring's HttpMethod.valueOf, but throws on any other text, 'get' included (Spring's valueOf creates a new method).
• Timeouts: an HttpRequest has a readTimeout (the longest wait for data, Spring's read timeout) and a timeout (a deadline for the whole exchange, which Spring's request factories do not have).
• WebSocketSession hands out the incoming messages as a Stream (Spring calls a WebSocketHandler), sendMessage takes a String (text) or a List<int> (binary) instead of TextMessage / BinaryMessage, and closeStatus tells how it closed (Spring passes it to afterConnectionClosed).