spring_boot_starter_feign 0.4.0

Feign clients for spring_boot_dart: annotate an interface with @FeignClient and @GetMapping, inject it as a bean; JSON via ObjectMapper, interceptors, retries, fallbacks.

spring_boot_starter_feign

No backward compatibility before 1.0. Any release may rename or change APIs, properties and behaviour; the breaking changes are listed in each package's CHANGELOG.

Feign clients for spring_boot_dart applications, like Spring Cloud OpenFeign: describe an HTTP API as an abstract class with @GetMapping, @PostMapping, ... and inject it like any bean. The generator writes the implementation (no reflection), JSON goes through the ObjectMapper of spring_core_dart.

@FeignClient('catalog', url: r'${catalog.url}')
abstract interface class CatalogClient {
  @GetMapping('/books/{isbn}')
  Future<Book> find(@PathVariable() String isbn);

  @GetMapping('/books')
  Future<List<Book>> search(@RequestParam('q') String query, {@RequestParam() int? page});

  @PostMapping('/books')
  Future<ResponseEntity<Book>> create(@RequestBody() Book book);

  @DeleteMapping('/books/{isbn}')
  Future<void> delete(@PathVariable() String isbn);
}

@Introspected()                       // JSON without fromJson / toJson
class Book {
  const Book({required this.isbn, required this.title});
  final String isbn;
  final String title;
}

@Service()
class Shop {
  Shop(this.catalog);                 // injected like any bean
  final CatalogClient catalog;

  Future<String> title(String isbn) async => (await catalog.find(isbn)).title;
}

# lib/resources/application.properties
catalog.url=https://api.neon.books

Setup

dependencies:
  spring_boot_starter_feign: ^0.4.0

dev_dependencies:
  build_runner: ^2.17.0
  spring_core_dart_generator: ^0.4.0   # required: writes the client implementations

dart run build_runner build

The starter is found automatically (no @EnableFeignClients): every abstract class with @FeignClient in the scanned package becomes a bean, named after the interface (catalogClient). One import is enough: package:spring_boot_starter_feign/spring_boot_starter_feign.dart re-exports spring_boot_dart, spring_web_dart (the mapping annotations) and spring_boot_starter_logging. The starter is the only dependency an application needs: it brings the others, logging included, like every Spring Boot starter.

Classes used by the clients (parameters and results) are introspected for JSON automatically when they are in the same package.

Methods

Every method needs one mapping annotation and must return a Future — or an EventStream<T> for server-sent events (see below).

Annotation	Request
@GetMapping('/books/{isbn}')	GET
@PostMapping('/books')	POST
@PutMapping, @PatchMapping, @DeleteMapping	PUT, PATCH, DELETE
@RequestMapping.of(path: '/x', method: HttpMethod.head)	any method (GET by default)

The path is joined to the client's url and path; without a path (@GetMapping()) the request goes to the client's url and path itself (@FeignClient(url: 'https://api.shop.test', path: '/api') → https://api.shop.test/api). A query in the path (@GetMapping('/books?sort=title')) is sent as written, the parameters of the call appended to it. Mapping annotations also take headers: ['X-Shop=${shop.name}'] (Spring's Name=value, placeholders allowed; server conditions such as '!X-Debug' are ignored, Feign's 'Name: value' stops the application), produces (the Accept header, application/json by default) and consumes (the Content-Type of the body). With a path they are written with the .of constructor, as Dart cannot combine an optional positional parameter with named ones: @GetMapping.of(path: '/books', headers: ['X-Shop=neon']).

Parameters:

Parameter	Goes to
@PathVariable() String isbn	{isbn} in the path (URL-encoded, a / stays a /: see decode-slash); @PathVariable('id') for another name
@RequestParam('q') String query	?q=...; null is left out, a List repeats the parameter
@RequestParam() Map<String, Object?> filters	one query parameter per entry (?author=...&year=...; a List value repeats it, null is left out)
@RequestHeader('X-Trace') String? trace	a header; null is left out, a List gives several values
@RequestHeader() Map<String, String> headers	one header per entry
@CookieValue('SESSION') String session	a cookie: the cookies of a call go in one Cookie: a=1; b=2 header; null is left out
@RequestBody() Book book	the body: objects as JSON (ObjectMapper), String as text, Uint8List as bytes; with consumes: MediaType.applicationFormUrlencoded (or that Content-Type header) a Map or object is sent as a form (name=value&..., see below)
@RequestPart('file') MultipartFile file	a part of a multipart/form-data body (files, text fields, JSON parts; see Files and multipart)
a parameter without annotation	the body (only one such parameter)

@PathVariable, @RequestParam and @RequestHeader follow Spring's required (default true) and defaultValue (a String), written with the .of constructor: @RequestParam.of(name: 'sort', defaultValue: 'asc') String? sort.

Argument null	Result
with defaultValue	the default value is sent
required (the default, for a non-nullable parameter)	an ArgumentError naming the parameter and the annotation value, before anything is sent
not required (required: false, or a nullable parameter)	the query parameter or header is left out; a path variable (required unless required: false, whatever its type) becomes an empty string

As Spring does for Kotlin and @Nullable parameters, a nullable Dart query parameter or header (String? q) is never required, whatever required says; use a non-nullable parameter to require a value.

Results:

Return type	From the response
Future<Book>, Future<List<Book>>, Future<Map<String, int>>	the JSON body, through the ObjectMapper
Future<Book?>	null for an empty body (or a 404 with dismiss404)
Future<void>	nothing (the status must be 2xx)
Future<String>, Future<Uint8List>	the body as text, as bytes
Future<ResponseEntity<Book>>	status, headers and the body (read-only headers)
Future<ResponseEntity<void>>	status and headers; the body is ignored
Future<HttpResponse>	the raw response (Feign's Response): any status, no error decoding, no dismiss404
EventStream<OrderEvent>, Stream<OrderEvent>	the events of a text/event-stream response (see Server-sent events)

Form bodies work like Spring Cloud OpenFeign's SpringFormEncoder: the entries of a Map (or the properties of an object, as the ObjectMapper writes them) become name=value pairs, URL-encoded in the charset of the content type (UTF-8 by default); a List value repeats the name and null values are left out.

@PostMapping.of(path: '/login', consumes: MediaType.applicationFormUrlencoded)
Future<void> login(@RequestBody() Map<String, String> form);
// username=neo&password=s3cr%3Ft

Enums, DateTime and other values in paths, query parameters, headers and cookies are written like in JSON (an enum's name or @JsonValue, ISO-8601 dates); they must be single values (or lists of them). An object there — a class the ObjectMapper writes as a JSON object, e.g. @RequestParam() Book book — stops the application at startup; pass its fields as parameters or a Map instead (a value whose type only tells at runtime, such as Object, fails the call with an EncodeException).

Every client is checked when it is created: a {variable} without a @PathVariable parameter (or the other way round), a method without a mapping, a synchronous method (other than an event stream), an object as a parameter value or a header in Feign's syntax stops the application at startup with the reason, for instance:

Invalid Feign client CatalogClient:
  - CatalogClient.find: the path variable {isbn} of "/books/{isbn}" has no @PathVariable parameter

Files and multipart

A method with @RequestPart parameters sends a multipart/form-data body, like Spring Cloud OpenFeign with @RequestPart / MultipartFile (consumes: MediaType.multipartFormData is optional; another consumes stops the application at startup):

@PostMapping.of(path: '/books/{isbn}/files', consumes: MediaType.multipartFormData)
Future<UploadResult> upload(
  @PathVariable() String isbn,
  @RequestPart('file') MultipartFile file,   // a file part
  @RequestPart('meta') FileMeta meta,        // an object → a JSON part
  @RequestPart('note') String note,          // a text field
  @RequestParam('draft') bool draft,         // still a query parameter: ?draft=true
);

await books.upload(
  '978-0',
  InMemoryMultipartFile('file', bytes, originalFilename: 'cover.png'),
  FileMeta(title: 'Cover'),
  'first edition',
  false,
);

@RequestPart('x') parameter	Part
MultipartFile	a file: filename and content type from the file (else from the file name, else application/octet-stream); the part is named after the annotation, not file.name
List<MultipartFile>	one file part per file, all named x
Uint8List, List<int>	a file part without file name (application/octet-stream)
String, numbers, bool, enums, DateTime (or a List of them)	a text field (one per item), written like query parameters
an object, a Map, a List of objects	a JSON part (application/json), written with the client's ObjectMapper

MultipartFile is the type controllers receive (from spring_web_dart); InMemoryMultipartFile builds one from bytes or text (and a received file can be passed on as it is). @RequestPart.of(name: 'note', required: false), or a nullable parameter, leaves the part out for null; a required part that is null is an ArgumentError, before anything is sent. @RequestParam, @RequestHeader and @PathVariable work as on any method — @RequestParam stays in the query, like Spring Cloud OpenFeign. The Content-Type is multipart/form-data; boundary=... (it replaces consumes). At startup, @RequestPart together with @RequestBody, or a parameter with @RequestPart and another annotation, stops the application.

The body is built in memory once per call (each file read once), so retries send the same bytes; there is no streaming upload yet.

Server-sent events

A method returning EventStream<T> reads a text/event-stream response. EventStream<T> is a Stream<T> of the decoded data, so the type stays short; the whole events (with id, event, retry) are there through .events when you need them:

@FeignClient('orders', url: r'${orders.url}')
abstract interface class OrdersClient {
  @GetMapping('/shops/{shop}/orders/events')
  EventStream<OrderEvent> events(@PathVariable() String shop);
}

// the data:
await for (final order in orders.events('neon')) {
  print(order.status);
}

// the whole events:
orders.events('neon').events.listen((e) {
  print('${e.id} ${e.event}: ${e.data.status}');
});

• Each event's data is read like a JSON body (through the ObjectMapper); EventStream<String> gives the data as sent. An event that cannot be read is an error on the stream (a DecodeException), the stream goes on.
• The stream is cold: every listener opens its own connection, cancelling the subscription (or break in await for) closes it.
• Accept: text/event-stream and Cache-Control: no-cache are sent (produces changes Accept); interceptors run for every connection, so a refreshed token is used on reconnect. read-timeout covers the wait for the response headers only (a stream may stay quiet as long as it likes).
• Stream<T> works as a return type too (you get an EventStream<T>). Future<EventStream<T>> is rejected at startup: return the stream directly, it connects when listened to.

Reconnection works like the browser's EventSource: when the response ends or the connection breaks, the client connects again after a delay (the server's retry: wins), sending the last event id in Last-Event-ID. A 204 No Content ends the stream; an error status ends it with the FeignException of the ErrorDecoder (a RetryableException reconnects).

spring.cloud.openfeign.client.config.orders.event-stream.reconnect=true
spring.cloud.openfeign.client.config.orders.event-stream.reconnect-delay=3s
spring.cloud.openfeign.client.config.orders.event-stream.max-attempts=10

Property	Meaning
event-stream.reconnect	connect again after the connection ended or broke (default true)
event-stream.reconnect-delay	the wait before connecting again, until the server sends retry: (default 3s)
event-stream.max-attempts	connections in a row without an event before the stream gives up (default: no limit)

With a fallback, the fallback's stream takes over when the stream fails before its first event; later failures reach the listener.

In tests, MockHttpTransport answers with events:

server
  ..when(HttpMethod.get, '/shops/neon/orders/events').respondEvents([
    ServerSentEvent({'id': 1, 'status': 'NEW'}, id: '1'),
  ])
  ..when(HttpMethod.get, '/shops/neon/orders/events').respond(204); // then stop

This differs from Spring. Spring Cloud OpenFeign cannot stream at all; Spring's own answer is Flux<ServerSentEvent<OrderEvent>> (or Flux<OrderEvent>) from WebClient or an @HttpExchange interface, with reconnection left to retryWhen. Here EventStream<T> folds the event wrapper into the stream, reconnects by itself, and the event-stream.* properties are additions of this starter.

Configuration

Properties per client name (@FeignClient('catalog')), with default for all clients, like Spring Cloud OpenFeign:

spring.cloud.openfeign.client.config.default.read-timeout=10s
spring.cloud.openfeign.client.config.default.connect-timeout=2s
spring.cloud.openfeign.client.config.catalog.url=https://api.neon.books
spring.cloud.openfeign.client.config.catalog.logger-level=basic
spring.cloud.openfeign.client.config.catalog.dismiss404=true
spring.cloud.openfeign.client.config.catalog.default-request-headers.X-Shop=neon
spring.cloud.openfeign.client.config.catalog.default-query-parameters.lang=en
spring.cloud.openfeign.client.config.catalog.follow-redirects=false
spring.cloud.openfeign.client.config.catalog.retryer=catalogRetryer
spring.cloud.openfeign.client.config.catalog.error-decoder=com.example.ShopErrors
spring.cloud.openfeign.client.config.catalog.request-interceptors[0]=requestIds
spring.cloud.openfeign.client.decode-slash=false

Property	Default	Meaning
url	—	base URL when @FeignClient(url:) is not given (or empty); http:// is put in front of one without a scheme
read-timeout	60s	the longest wait for data — for the response, then between two chunks of the body — not a limit for the whole call, like Feign's (10s, PT1M, milliseconds; 0 for none)
connect-timeout	10s	connection timeout of the default transport (default only; 0 for none)
logger-level	none	none, basic, headers, full (see Logging)
dismiss404	false	a 404 gives null (nullable results) or a ResponseEntity instead of an exception; a void method still throws, like Feign
default-request-headers.<Name>	—	a header sent with every request that has none of that name (after the interceptors; a,b or a YAML list gives two values)
default-query-parameters.<name>	—	a query parameter added to every request that has none of that name (after the interceptors; a,b or a YAML list gives two)
retryer	—	the Retryer of the client: a bean name, or a class name matching one bean (see Per-client configuration)
error-decoder	—	the ErrorDecoder of the client (bean or class name)
request-interceptors	—	more RequestInterceptors for the client (a list of bean or class names)
follow-redirects	true	whether redirects are followed
spring.cloud.openfeign.client.decode-slash	true	for all clients: a / in a @PathVariable value stays a / (false: %2F)

The on/off properties (dismiss404, follow-redirects, event-stream.reconnect, decode-slash) take true / false in any case (also on / off, yes / no, 1 / 0), like Boot's binding; other values fail naming the key.

@FeignClient(url:) wins over the url property; @FeignClient(path:) prefixes every path. More attributes, as in Spring Cloud OpenFeign:

Attribute	Meaning
contextId: 'catalog-admin'	the configuration key instead of the name (...config.catalog-admin.*), e.g. for two clients of one service
qualifiers: ['books']	more names that select the client bean with @Qualifier('books')
primary: false	the client bean is not @Primary (it is by default)
dismiss404: true	like the dismiss404 property
configuration: [CatalogFeignConfig]	configuration classes whose beans apply to this client only (see below)

Per-client configuration

Like Spring Cloud OpenFeign, @FeignClient(configuration:) lists classes whose Retryer, ErrorDecoder and RequestInterceptor beans configure that client only:

@FeignClient('catalog', url: r'${catalog.url}',
    configuration: [CatalogFeignConfig])
abstract interface class CatalogClient { ... }

@Configuration()
class CatalogFeignConfig {
  @Bean()
  Retryer catalogRetryer() => const DefaultRetryer(maxAttempts: 3);

  @Bean()
  RequestInterceptor catalogAuth() =>
      BasicAuthRequestInterceptor('shop', 's3cret');
}

The client's own Retryer / ErrorDecoder win over the application's; its interceptors run together with the application's, in @Order. Beans of a configuration class never reach the other clients. The retryer, error-decoder and request-interceptors properties win over both.

Errors

A response with status ≥ 400 throws a FeignException subclass:

Status	Exception
400, 401, 403, 404, 405, 406, 409, 410, 415, 422, 429	FeignBadRequest, FeignUnauthorized, FeignForbidden, FeignNotFound, FeignMethodNotAllowed, FeignNotAcceptable, FeignConflict, FeignGone, FeignUnsupportedMediaType, FeignUnprocessableEntity, FeignTooManyRequests (all FeignClientException)
500, 501, 502, 503, 504	FeignInternalServerError, FeignNotImplemented, FeignBadGateway, FeignServiceUnavailable, FeignGatewayTimeout (all FeignServerException)
no response (connection, timeout)	RetryableException with status -1
a body that does not fit the return type	DecodeException

try {
  await catalog.find(isbn);
} on FeignNotFound {
  return null;
} on FeignException catch (error) {
  log.warning('catalog failed: ${error.status} ${error.responseBody}');
  rethrow;
}

Your own exceptions: declare an ErrorDecoder bean.

final class ShopErrors implements ErrorDecoder {
  @override
  Exception decode(String methodKey, HttpResponse response) =>
      response.statusCode == 404
          ? BookNotFound(response.request!.url.path)
          : const DefaultErrorDecoder().decode(methodKey, response);
}

@Configuration()
class FeignSetup {
  @Bean()
  ErrorDecoder errorDecoder() => ShopErrors();
}

Retries

Like Spring Cloud OpenFeign, nothing is retried by default. A Retryer bean retries RetryableExceptions: connection errors, timeouts, and responses with a Retry-After header (seconds or an HTTP date). Every attempt is built again from the arguments and goes through the interceptors, so a refreshed token reaches the retry.

@Bean()
Retryer retryer() => const DefaultRetryer(maxAttempts: 3);   // 150 ms, 225 ms, ... up to 1 s, like Feign

Interceptors

Every RequestInterceptor bean changes every request before it is sent: authentication, tracing ids, common query parameters.

@Configuration()
class FeignSetup {
  @Bean()
  RequestInterceptor auth(TokenStore tokens) =>
      BearerTokenRequestInterceptor(() => tokens.accessToken);   // may be async

  @Bean()
  RequestInterceptor requestIds() => RequestIds();
}

final class RequestIds implements RequestInterceptor {
  @override
  void apply(RequestTemplate template) {
    template.header('X-Request-Id', newId());
    if (template.clientName == 'catalog') template.query('lang', 'en');
  }
}

template.header(name, value) adds a value, like Feign's; to replace a header, removeHeader(name) first. The interceptors run for every attempt of a call (retries too) on a new template; the default-request-headers, default-query-parameters and the default Accept come after them, for names they did not set. BasicAuthRequestInterceptor(user, password) is built in too (ISO-8859-1 like Feign's; encoding: utf8 for other characters).

Fallback

A bean class implementing the interface answers when a call fails:

@FeignClient('motd', url: r'${motd.url}', fallback: OfflineMotd)
abstract interface class MotdApi {
  @GetMapping('/motd')
  Future<String> messageOfTheDay();
}

@Component()
class OfflineMotd implements MotdApi {
  @override
  Future<String> messageOfTheDay() async => 'offline, try later';
}

The generated client is @Primary (unless @FeignClient(primary: false)), so injecting MotdApi gives the client, not the fallback. The fallback answers every failure — a 404 too — after the retries.

Logging

With logger-level above none, each call is logged under feign.<Interface> at debug level (so the debug level must be on, e.g. logging.level.feign=debug with spring_boot_starter_logging):

---> GET https://api.neon.books/books/978-0
<--- 200 OK (84 ms)

headers adds the headers (Authorization is masked), full the bodies. Failed connections (<--- ERROR ...) and retries (---> RETRYING ...) are logged only above none too, like Feign.

Transport

Requests go through the HttpTransport bean: by default platformHttpTransport() of spring_web_dart — dart:io on the VM and in Flutter (mobile, desktop), fetch on the web (the server must allow your origin with CORS). Declare your own HttpTransport bean to use something else (e.g. a small adapter over another HTTP library).

Testing

Replace the transport with MockHttpTransport from spring_boot_starter_test (the dev dependency of the tests; like Spring's MockRestServiceServer in spring-test):

final server = MockHttpTransport();
final app = springBootTest(
  springApplication,
  overrides: [BeanOverride<HttpTransport>(server)],
  properties: {'catalog.url': 'https://catalog.test'},
);

test('reads a book', () async {
  server.when(HttpMethod.get, '/books/1').respond(200, json: {'isbn': '1', 'title': 'Dune'});
  expect(await app.getBean<Shop>().title('1'), 'Dune');
  expect(server.lastRequest.headers['Accept'], 'application/json');
});

Or replace a whole client: BeanOverride<CatalogClient>(FakeCatalog()).

How it works

@FeignClient is marked @InterfaceProxy (from spring_core_dart): for such an interface the generator writes a class whose methods hand each call, with the method's annotations, parameter names and types, to an InvocationHandler. The starter's feignClientFactory bean creates that handler. The client is a regular bean, so AOP applies to it — e.g. @Cacheable on a client method (with spring_boot_starter_cache) caches the responses.

Differences from Spring Cloud OpenFeign

• No @EnableFeignClients: the starter is enough.
• Methods return Futures (HTTP is asynchronous in Dart).
• No service discovery or load balancing: every client needs a URL.
• connect-timeout is set for all clients (default); read-timeout per client.
• The fallback answers every failure, without a circuit breaker; there is no FallbackFactory yet.
• Accept: application/json is sent by default (text/event-stream for event streams); Spring Cloud OpenFeign sends Accept only for produces.
• Spaces in query parameters are sent as + (form encoding), Feign sends %20.
• Authorization is masked (***) in the headers and full logs.
• The logger is feign.<Interface> (feign.CatalogClient); Feign's Slf4jLogger logs under the interface's fully qualified class name.
• Each retry starts from a new template (Feign runs the interceptors again on the same one, where header values pile up).
• @FeignClient(configuration:) classes are ordinary @Configuration() beans (Dart cannot create a class by reflection, so they are not kept out of the application context as in Spring's child contexts); the starter instead keeps their beans away from the other clients, which is what Spring does when the class is not component-scanned. Only Retryer, ErrorDecoder and RequestInterceptor beans are per client (not Decoder, Encoder, Contract, Client, Logger.Level).
• The retryer, error-decoder and request-interceptors properties name beans (by bean name, or by a class name matching exactly one bean); Spring creates the class when there is no bean of it.
• primary and qualifiers are read by the generator; there is no <contextId>FeignClient alias. A method may have several Map parameters (Feign: one query map and one header map).
• Server-sent events (EventStream<T>, event-stream.* properties) are an addition: OpenFeign has no streaming.
• Form bodies take the object's properties as the ObjectMapper writes them (@JsonProperty names), not feign-form's @FormProperty; a nested object in a form fails the call with an EncodeException.
• Multipart bodies are built in memory (no streaming upload); a list of plain values in a @RequestPart is sent as one text field per item.
• Not yet: @SpringQueryMap, streaming of other response bodies (downloads).