Code Climate issues GitHub closed issues GitHub contributors GitHub repo size GitHub forks GitHub stars CodeFactor Grade

Translate your app!

"Thank you for making the i18n_extension plugin. It has helped me a lot in my latest project and I will surely use it again in my next Flutter project. It is so easy to set up and use and the code boilerplate is indeed very minimal."

— Tomáš Jeřábek, Consultant/Developer

This is a Flutter package. For a Dart-only package, see i18n_extension_core

This package was mentioned by Google during the Dart 2.7 announcement

Read the Medium article

Option 1: Strings are translation keys

Start with a simple widget displaying some text:

Text('How are you?');

To make it translatable, just add .i18n to the string:

Text('How are you?'.i18n);

The text will be translated based on the current locale. For example, if your app supports en-US, pt-BR, and es (American English, Brazilian Portuguese, and Spanish):

When the locale is en-US, it shows 'How are you?'
When the locale is pt-BR, it shows 'Como vai?'
When the locale is es, it shows '¿Cómo estás?'
And so on for any other locales you want to support

Note the original English string 'How are you?' doubles as the "translation key" to find the appropriate translation. One advantage of this approach is that you don’t need to come up with unique identifiers for each string.

Another advantage is that you can see actual text in your code, which is generally simpler and easier to understand than seeing identifiers.

Option 2: Identifiers are translation keys

While the i18n_extension package is unique in supporting strings as translation keys, it also supports the more traditional approach of using identifiers as translation keys. Just create an object, and append .i18n to it. For example:

const greetings = Object();

// Shows 'How are you?' in en-US
// Shows 'Como vai?' in pt-BR 
// Shows '¿Cómo estás?' in es 
Text(greetings.i18n);

Or, if you want to namespace your identifiers:

class MyScope {
  static const greetings = Object();
} 

Text(MyScope.greetings.i18n);

Note you can always mix and match strings and identifiers as translation keys. For example, you might use string keys for short texts, while using identifiers for long texts, as shown here:

Widget build(BuildContext context) {
  return ElevatedButton(
    onPressed: () {
      showDialog(
        context: context,
        builder: (BuildContext context) {          
          // Using identifier as key here!
          return AlertDialog(content: Text(termsOfUse.i18n));           
        });
    },
    // Using string as key here!
    child: Text('Terms of Use'.i18n), 
  );
}

Other features

Other i18n_extension features that will be later discussed in more detail include:

Providing different translations depending on modifiers, such as plural quantities:

'There is 1 item'.plural(0); // There are no items
'There is 1 item'.plural(1); // There is 1 item
'There is 1 item'.plural(2); // There are 2 items

Inventing your own modifiers according to any conditions. For example, for languages with genders, you can create gender versions for Gender modifiers:

'There is a person'.gender(Gender.male); // There is a man
'There is a person'.gender(Gender.female); // There is a woman
'There is a person'.gender(Gender.they); // There is a person

Interpolating by replacing placeholders with values, with the args function:

// Hello John and Mary
'Hello {} and {}'.i18n.args('John', 'Mary');

// Also works with iterables
'Hello {} and {}'.i18n.args(['John', 'Mary']);

// Named placeholders
'Hello {name} and {other}'.i18n.args({'name': 'John', 'other': 'Mary'});

// Numbered placeholders
'Hello {1} and {2}'.i18n.args({1: 'John', 2: 'Mary'});

// And you can mix placeholder types
'Hello {name}, let’s meet up with {} and {other} to explore {1} and {2}.'.i18n.args('Charlie', {'name': 'Alice', 'other': 'Bob'}, {1: 'Paris', 2: 'London'});

Interpolating by using sprintf, with the fill function:

// Hello John and Mary
'Hello %s and %s'.fill('John', 'Mary');

Getting and setting the current locale:

context.locale; // Current locale, from context

I18n.of(context).locale; // Current locale, from context 

I18n.locale; // Current locale, statically 

I18n.languageTag; // Current language tag, like "en-US"

I18n.languageOnly; // Language without region, Like "en"

I18n.systemLocale; // Current system locale, read from the device 

Localizations.maybeLocaleOf(context); // The Flutter native way also works

context.locale = Locale('en', 'US'); // Set the current locale

context.locale = 'es-ES'.asLocale; // Use language tag to set the current locale  

context.resetLocale(); // Reset back to the system locale

Auto saving the current locale:

I18n(
  autoSaveLocale: true,
  child: ...

Defining translations directly in code:

Translations.byText('en-US') + {
  'en-US': 'Hello, how are you?',      
  'es': '¿Hola! Cómo estás?',
};

Importing translations from a file:

Translations.byFile('en-US', dir: 'assets/translations');

Importing translations from the web:

Translations.byUrl('en-US', dir: 'https://example.com/translations.json');

See it working

Try running the translation example.

Setup

Follow these 4 easy steps to set up the i18n_extension package in your app:

Wrap your widget tree with a single I18n widget, above your MaterialApp (or CupertinoApp) widget. Remember you should not have more than one single I18n widget in your widget tree.

Note: Since the I18n widget is above the MaterialApp, it will be able to provide translations to all your routes and dialogs.
Make sure the I18n widget is NOT declared in the same widget as the MaterialApp. It must be in a parent widget. For example, this is wrong:
```
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
  return I18n(
    child: MaterialApp(
      home: MyScreen(),           
```

Add locale: I18n.locale to your MaterialApp widget:

MaterialApp(
   locale: I18n.locale,
   ...

Make sure to provide localizationsDelegates and supportedLocales to the MaterialApp.

This is how your main.dart file could look like:

import 'package:i18n_extension/i18n_extension.dart';
import 'package:flutter_localizations/flutter_localizations.dart';
       
void main() {
  WidgetsFlutterBinding.ensureInitialized();
  runApp(MyApp());
}

class MyApp extends StatelessWidget {
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return I18n(
      child: AppCore(),
    );
  }
}

class AppCore extends StatelessWidget {
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return MaterialApp(
      locale: I18n.locale,
      localizationsDelegates: [
        GlobalMaterialLocalizations.delegate,
        GlobalWidgetsLocalizations.delegate,
        GlobalCupertinoLocalizations.delegate,
      ],
      supportedLocales: [
        'en-US'.asLocale,
        'es-ES'.asLocale,
        'pt-BR'.asLocale,
      ],
      home: ...
    ),

Another alternative is declaring the I18n widget in the main function:

import 'package:i18n_extension/i18n_extension.dart';
import 'package:flutter_localizations/flutter_localizations.dart';
       
void main() {
  WidgetsFlutterBinding.ensureInitialized();
  runApp(I18n(child: AppCore()));
}

class AppCore extends StatelessWidget {
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return MaterialApp(
      locale: I18n.locale,
      localizationsDelegates: [
        GlobalMaterialLocalizations.delegate,
        GlobalWidgetsLocalizations.delegate,
        GlobalCupertinoLocalizations.delegate,
      ],
      supportedLocales: [
        'en-US'.asLocale,
        'es-ES'.asLocale,
        'pt-BR'.asLocale,
      ],
      home: ...
    ),

Note: To be able to import flutter_localizations.dart you must add it as a dependency in your pubspec.yaml:

dependencies:
  flutter_localizations:
    sdk: flutter

  i18n_extension: ...

Note: The MaterialApp widget contains, internally, a Localizations widget, which is used by Flutter to provide translations to native Flutter widgets. The I18n widget will automatically keep in sync with the Localizations widget, so that when you change the locale in I18n, it will also change in the Localizations. This means that Localizations.of(context).locale is always equal to I18n.of(context).locale, and to context.locale, and to I18n.locale.

Initial locale

The I18n widget will translate your strings to the current system locale, which is the locale the user has set in the device settings, outside your app.

However, you can override it with your own initial locale, like this:

I18n(
  initialLocale: 'pt-BR'.asLocale,
  child: ...

Note you can always later change the locale dynamically, as will be explained below.

In most applications, you should not set the initial locale, and instead let the system locale be used. This way, your app will automatically be in the language the user has set in the device settings. Or, if that language is not supported by your app, it will fall back to one of the supported languages, automatically.

Auto saving the locale

Some apps may allow the user to change the language/locale of the app, from inside the app. You can allow that by creating some widget that presents the list of available locales, and then set it with:

context.locale = 'es-ES'.asLocale;

If you want that user choice to be saved between app restarts, simply set the autoSaveLocale parameter to true:

I18n(
  autoSaveLocale: true,
  child: AppCore(),
  ...

This will automatically save changes to the locale in the device's storage (shared preferences), and restore it when the app restarts.

Note the locale is read asynchronously, which may result in a one frame flicker of the default system locale, before the saved locale is restored. If you want to avoid this flicker, you can explicitly preload the locale yourself with initialLocale: await I18n.loadLocale() when the app starts:

void main() async {
  WidgetsFlutterBinding.ensureInitialized();
 
  runApp(
    I18n(
      initialLocale: await I18n.loadLocale(),
      autoSaveLocale: true, 
      child: AppCore(),    
      ...

Note: While usually not needed, you can also manually load, save and delete the locale from the shared preferences, at any later time, by using the provided static functions: var locale = await I18n.loadLocale(), I18n.saveLocale(locale) and I18n.deleteLocale().

When you create a widget that has translatable strings, add this default import to the widget's file:

import 'package:i18n_extension/default.i18n.dart';

This will allow you to add .i18n and .plural() to your strings, but won’t translate anything.

When you are ready to create your translations, you must create a dart file to hold them. This file can have any name, but I suggest you give it the same name as your widget and change the termination to .i18n.dart.

For example, if your widget is in file my_widget.dart, the translations could be in file my_widget.i18n.dart

You must then remove the previous default import, and instead import your own translation file:

import 'my_widget.i18n.dart';

Your translation file itself will be something like this:

import 'package:i18n_extension/i18n_extension.dart';

extension Localization on String {

  static var _t = Translations.byText('en-US') +
    {
      'en-US': 'Hello, how are you?',
      'pt-BR': 'Olá, como vai você?',
      'es': '¿Hola! Cómo estás?',
      'fr': 'Salut, comment ca va?',
      'de': 'Hallo, wie geht es dir?',
    };

  String get i18n => localize(this, _t);
}

The locale you pass in the Translations factory is called the default locale. For example, in Translations.byText('en-US') the default locale is en-US. The string inside your Text widget should be in the language of that locale.

The above example shows a single translatable string, translated to American English, Brazilian Portuguese, general Spanish, French and German.

You can, however, translate as many strings as you want, by simply adding more translation maps:

import 'package:i18n_extension/i18n_extension.dart';

extension Localization on String {

    static var _t = Translations.byText('en-US') +
        {
          'en-US': 'Hello, how are you?',
          'pt-BR': 'Olá, como vai você?',
        } +
        {
          'en-US': 'Hi',
          'pt-BR': 'Olá',
        } +
        {
          'en-US': 'Goodbye',
          'pt-BR': 'Adeus',
        };

  String get i18n => localize(this, _t);
}

Try running the example using strings as translation keys.

Or use identifiers

Instead of:

'Hello there'.i18n

You can also do:

greetings.i18n

To that end, you can use the Translations.byId() factory:

import 'package:flutter/foundation.dart';

final appbarTitle = Object();
final greetings = Object();

extension Localization on Object {
    
  static final _t = Translations.byId('en-US', {
    appbarTitle: {
      'en-US': 'i18n Demo',
      'pt-BR': 'Demonstração i18n',
    },
    greetings: {
      'en-US': 'Helo there',
      'pt-BR': 'Olá como vai',
    },    
  });

  String get i18n => localize(this, _t);    
}

Try running the example using identifiers as translation keys.

Note: The native way of doing translation in Flutter forces you to define "identifier keys" for each translation, and use those. For example, an identifier key could be helloHowAreYou or simply greetings. And then you can access the translation like this: MyLocalizations.of(context).greetings.

With i18n_extension, you can use ANY object type as translation keys. Just use Translations.byId<T>() and provide the type T of your identifier. Your T can be anything, including String, int, double, DateTime, or even your own custom object types, as long as they implement == and hashCode.

Don’t forget that your extensions need to be on your type. For example, if you use int as your key type, you need to declare extension Localization on int { ... }.

If your T is Object or Object? or dynamic, then anything can be translated, and you need to write: extension Localization on Object? { ... }

// Objects  
const greetings = Object();
greetings.i18n // Turns into 'How are you?' in en, 'Como vai?' in pt  

// Final variables  
final faq = 'faq';
faq.i18n // 'FAQ' in en, 'Perguntas frequentes' in pt

// Enums  
enum MyColors { red, blue }
MyColors.red.i18n // 'Red' in en, 'Vermelho' in pt
MyColors.blue.i18n // 'Blue' in en, 'Azul' in pt

// Numbers, booleans, Dates  
12.i18n // 'Twelve' in en, 'Doze' in pt
true.i18n // 'Yes' in en, 'Sim' in pt
false.i18n // 'No' in en, 'Não'
DateTime(2021, 1, 1).i18n // 'New Year' in en, 'Ano Novo' in pt

// Your own object types  
class User { ... }
User('John').i18n // 'Mr. John' in en, 'Sr. John' in pt

Even though you can use any object type as a translation key, it is recommended to use Object() values, as they are simple and work fine.

Recommended way

We believe having to define identifiers is a boring task, and makes it difficult for you to remember the exact text of the translations without having to look at the translation file.

For this reason we recommend you to simply type the text you want as a String inside your Text() widgets, and add .i18n to them.

The exception is when you have very large texts that you need to translate, like for example privacy policies, terms of use, long explanations etc. In those cases, you may want to use identifiers, while keeping the rest as string keys.

In the example below, privacyPolicy and termsOfUse are used as identifiers, while My Settings, Ok and Back are used as string keys:

import 'package:flutter/foundation.dart';

final privacyPolicy = Object();
final termsOfUse = Object();

extension Localization on Object {
    
  static final _t = Translations.byId('en-US', {
    privacyPolicy: { 'en-US': 'Very Looong text', 'pt-BR': 'Very Looong text' },
    termsOfUse: { 'en-US': 'Very Looong text', 'pt-BR': 'Very Looong text' },
    'My Settings': { 'en-US': 'My Settings', 'pt-BR': 'Meus ajustes' },    
    'Ok': { 'en-US': 'Ok', 'pt-BR': 'Salvar ajustes' },
    'Back': { 'en-US': 'Back', 'pt-BR': 'Voltar' },
  });

  String get i18n => localize(this, _t);    
}

You use them like this, respectively:

Text(privacyPolicy.i18n);
Text(termsOfUse.i18n);
Text('My Settings'.i18n);
Text('Ok'.i18n);
Text('Back'.i18n);

Finding missing translations

If some string is already translated, and you later change it in the widget file, this will break the link between the key and the translation map. However, i18n_extension is smart enough to let you know when that happens, so it's easy to fix. You can even add this check to tests, as to make sure all translations are linked and complete.

When you run your app or tests, each key not found will be recorded to the static set Translations.missingKeys. And if the key is found but there is no translation to the current locale, it will be recorded to Translations.missingTranslations.

You can manually inspect those sets to see if they're empty, or create tests to do that automatically, for example:

expect(Translations.missingKeys, isEmpty);
expect(Translations.missingTranslations, isEmpty);

Note: You can disable the recording of missing keys and translations by doing:

Translations.recordMissingKeys = false;
Translations.recordMissingTranslations = false;

Another thing you may do, if you want, is to set up callbacks that the i18n_extension package will call whenever it detects a missing translation. You can then program these callbacks to throw errors if any translations are missing, or log the problem, or send emails to the person responsible for the translations.

To do that, simply inject your callbacks into Translations.missingKeyCallback and Translations.missingTranslationCallback.

For example:

Translations.missingTranslationCallback =
  (key, locale) =>
    throw TranslationsException('There are no translations in $locale for key $key.');

Defining translations by locale instead of by key

As explained, by using the Translations.byText() constructor you define each key and then provide all its translations at the same time. This is the easiest way when you are doing translations manually, for example, when you speak English and Spanish and are creating yourself the translations to your app.

However, in other situations, such as when you are hiring professional translation services or crowdsourcing translations, it may be easier if you can provide the translations by locale/language, instead of by key. You can do that by using the Translations.byLocale() constructor.

static var _t = Translations.byLocale('en-US') +
    {
      'en-US': {
        'Hi.': 'Hi.',
        'Goodbye.': 'Goodbye.',
      },
      'es-ES': {
        'Hi.': 'Hola.',
        'Goodbye.': 'Adiós.',
      }
    };

You can also add maps using the + operator:

static var _t = Translations.byLocale('en-US') +
    {
      'en-US': {
        'Hi.': 'Hi.',
        'Goodbye.': 'Goodbye.',
      },
    } +
    {
      'es-ES': {
        'Hi.': 'Hola.',
        'Goodbye.': 'Adiós.',
      }
    };

Note above, since en-US is the default locale, you could omit the translations for it.

Combining translations

To combine translations you can use the * operator. For example:

var t1 = Translations.byText('en-US') +
    {
      'en-US': 'Hi.',
      'pt-BR': 'Olá.',
    };

var t2 = Translations.byText('en-US') +
    {
      'en-US': 'Goodbye.',
      'pt-BR': 'Adeus.',
    };

var translations = t1 * t2;

print(localize('Hi.', translations, locale: 'pt-BR');
print(localize('Goodbye.', translations, locale: 'pt-BR');

Interpolation with named placeholders

Suppose your translations file contains:

static var _t = Translations.byText('en-US') +
  {
    'en-US': 'Hello {student} and {teacher}',
    'pt-BR': 'Olá {student} e {teacher}',
  };

String get i18n => localize(this, _t);

You can then use the args extension like this:

'Hello {student} and {teacher}'.i18n.args({'student': 'John', 'teacher': 'Mary'});

// These also work, but they are not recommended:
'Hello {student} and {teacher}'.i18n.args('John', 'Mary');
'Hello {student} and {teacher}'.i18n.args(['John', 'Mary']);

The above code will print Hello John and Mary if the locale is English, or Olá John e Mary if it's Portuguese.

Interpolation with numbered placeholders

Suppose your translations file contains:

static var _t = Translations.byText('en-US') +
  {
    'en-US': 'Hello {1} and {2}',
    'pt-BR': 'Olá {1}, aqui é {2}',
  };

String get i18n => localize(this, _t);

You can then use the args extension like this:

'Hello {1} and {2}'.i18n.args({1: 'John', 2: 'Mary'});

// These also work, but they are not recommended:
'Hello {1} and {2}'.i18n.args('John', 'Mary');
'Hello {1} and {2}'.i18n.args(['John', 'Mary']);

The above code will print Hello John and Mary if the locale is English, or Olá John e Mary if it's Portuguese.

This interpolation method allows for the translated string to change the order of the parameters. For example:

// Returns `Hello John and Mary`
'Hello {1} and {2}'.i18n.args({'1': 'John', '2': 'Mary'});

// Returns `Hello Mary and John`
'Hello {2} and {1}'.i18n.args({'1': 'John', '2': 'Mary'});

Interpolation with unnamed placeholders

Suppose your translations file contains:

static var _t = Translations.byText('en-US') +
  {
    'en-US': 'Hello {} and {}',
    'pt-BR': 'Olá {}, aqui é {}',
  };

String get i18n => localize(this, _t);

You can then use the args extension like this:

'Hello {} and {}'.i18n.args('John', 'Mary');

// Or like this
'Hello {} and {}'.i18n.args(['John', 'Mary']);

The above code will replace the {} in order, and print Hello John and Mary if the locale is English, or Olá John e Mary if it's Portuguese.

The problem of using this interpolation method is that it doesn’t allow for the translated string to change the order of the parameters.

Interpolation with sprintf

Suppose your translations file contains:

static var _t = Translations.byText('en-US') +
  {
    'en-US': 'Hello %s and %s',
    'pt-BR': 'Olá %s, aqui é %s',
  };

String get i18n => localize(this, _t);

You can then use the fill extension like this:

'Hello %s and %s'.i18n.fill('John', 'Mary');

// Or like this:
'Hello %s and %s'.i18n.fill(['John', 'Mary']);

The above code will print Hello John and Mary if the locale is English, or Olá John e Mary if it's Portuguese.

It uses the sprintf package internally. Here is the sprintf specification.

Translation modifiers

Sometimes your translations depend on a number quantity.

For example, if someone is buying books, you may want to highlight the singular versus plural difference book/books: 'You are buying 1 book' (singular) versus 'You are buying 2 books' (plural).

To allow for plurals, instead of .i18n you can use .plural() and pass it a number. For example:

int numOfBooks = 2;
return Text('You are buying 1 book'.plural(numOfBooks));

Then, your translations file should contain something like this:

static var _t = Translations.byText('en-US') +
  {
    'en-US': 'You are buying 1 book'                       
      .two('You are buying 2 books'),        
    'pt-BR': 'Você está comprando 1 livro'               
      .two('Você está comprando 2 livros'),
  };
  
String plural(value) => localizePlural(value, this, _t);

The above example only has translations for 1 and 2 books. If you can have any number of books, the translated string can contain the appropriate placeholder, and it will be replaced by the exact number:

static var _t = Translations.byText('en-US') +
  {
    'en-US': 'You are buying 1 book'                       
      .many('You are buying {} books'),        
    'pt-BR': 'Você está comprando 1 livro'               
      .many('Você está comprando {} livros'),
  };
  
String plural(value) => localizePlural(value, this, _t);

The placeholder can be:

An unnamed placeholder, like: {}

return Text('You are buying {} books'.plural(42));

A named placeholder, like: {numOfBooks} etc

return Text('You are buying {numOfBooks} books'.plural({'numOfBooks': 42}));

Or %d if you like the sprintf syntax

return Text('You are buying %d books'.plural(42));

The plural modifiers you can use are zero, one, two, three, four, five, six, ten, times (for any number of elements, except 0, 1 and 2), many (for any number of elements, except 1, including 0), zeroOne (for 0 or 1 elements), and oneOrMore (for 1 and more elements).

Also, according to a Czech speaker, there must be a special modifier for 2, 3 and 4. To that end you can use the twoThreeFour modifier.

Note: It will use the most specific plural modifier. For example, .two is more specific than .many. If no applicable modifier can be found, it will default to the unversioned string. For example, this: 'a'.zero('b').four('c') will default to "a" for 1, 2, 3, or more than 5 elements.

static var _t = Translations.byText('en-US') +
  {
    'en-US': 'You clicked the button {} times'
        .zero('You haven’t clicked the button')
        .one('You clicked it once')
        .two('You clicked a couple times')
        .many('You clicked {} times')
        .times(12, 'You clicked a dozen times'),
    'pt-BR': 'Você clicou o botão {} vezes'
        .zero('Você não clicou no botão')
        .one('Você clicou uma única vez')
        .two('Você clicou um par de vezes')
        .many('Você clicou {} vezes')
        .times(12, 'Você clicou uma dúzia de vezes'),
  };

String plural(value) => localizePlural(value, this, _t);

Or, if you want to define your translations by locale:

static var _t = Translations.byLocale('en-US') +
    {
      'en-US': {
        'You clicked the button {} times': 
          'You clicked the button {} times'
            .zero('You haven’t clicked the button')
            .one('You clicked it once')
            .two('You clicked a couple times')
            .many('You clicked {} times')
            .times(12, 'You clicked a dozen times'),
      },
      'pt-BR': {
        'You clicked the button {} times': 
          'Você clicou o botão {} vezes'
            .zero('Você não clicou no botão')
            .one('Você clicou uma única vez')
            .two('Você clicou um par de vezes')
            .many('Você clicou {} vezes')
            .times(12, 'Você clicou uma dúzia de vezes'),
      }
    };

Note: .plural() actually accepts any Object?, not only an integer number. In case it's not an integer, it will be converted into an integer. The rules are:

If the modifier is an int, its absolute value will be used (meaning a negative value will become positive).

If the modifier is a double, its absolute value will be used, like so: 1.0 will be 1;

 Values below `1.0` will become `0`; Values larger than `1.0` will be rounded up.

Strings will be converted to int, or if that fails to double. Conversion is done like so:

 First, it will discard other
 chars than numbers, dot and the minus sign, by converting them to spaces; Then it
 will convert using `int.tryParse`; Then it will convert using `double.tryParse`; If
 all fails, it will be zero.

Other objects will be converted to a string (using the toString method), and then the above rules will apply.

Custom modifiers

You can actually create any modifiers you want. For example, some languages have different translations for different genders. So you could create .gender() that accepts Gender modifiers:

enum Gender {they, female, male}

int gnd = Gender.female;
return Text('There is a person'.gender(gnd));

Then, your translations file should use .modifier() and localizeVersion() like this:

static var _t = Translations.byText('en-US') +
  {
    'en-US': 'There is a person'
        .modifier(Gender.male, 'There is a man')
        .modifier(Gender.female, 'There is a woman')
        .modifier(Gender.they, 'There is a person'),
    'pt-BR': 'Há uma pessoa'
        .modifier(Gender.male, 'Há um homem')
        .modifier(Gender.female, 'Há uma mulher')
        .modifier(Gender.they, 'Há uma pessoa'),
  };

String gender(Gender gnd) => localizeVersion(gnd, this, _t);

Direct use of translation objects

If you have a translation object you can use the localize function directly to perform translations:

var translations = Translations.byText('en-US') +
    {
      'en-US': 'Hi',
      'pt-BR': 'Olá',
    };

// Prints 'Hi'
print(localize('Hi', translations, locale: 'en-US');

// Prints 'Olá'
print(localize('Hi', translations, locale: 'pt-BR');

// Prints 'Hi'
print(localize('Hi', translations, locale: 'not valid');

Changing the current locale

To change the current locale, do this:

context.locale = Locale('pt', 'BR');

// Or
context.locale = 'pt-BR'.asLocale;

// Or
I18n.of(context).locale = 'pt-BR'.asLocale;

To reset the current locale back to the default system locale, do this:

context.locale = null;

// Or
context.resetLocale();

// Or
I18n.of(context).locale = null;

// Or
I18n.of(context).resetLocale();

Note: Any of the above will change the current locale for your widgets using the i18n_extension, and also for native Flutter widgets.

Fallback rules

What happens when you don’t provide the translations for the current locale? For example, suppose your current locale is Spanish, but you have only provided translations for English and French.

Don’t worry — fallback behavior is usually intuitive and aligns with common sense. In most cases, it will do exactly what you’d expect. However, if you want all the details, here’s a complete breakdown of how it works:

Exact Match:
If a translation for the exact locale is found, it will be returned.
- Example: For zh-Hans-CN, it will first look for zh-Hans-CN.
- Example: For pt-BR, it will first look for pt-BR.
Less Specific Locale:
If an exact match is not found, it will search for translations to less specific locales, progressively broadening the scope until it reaches the general language.
- Example: For zh-Hans-CN, it will next try zh-Hans, then zh.
- Example: For pt-BR, it will next try pt.
Alternate Locale Variants:
If no direct or general match is found, it will look for translations in any other locale with the same language.
- Example: For zh-Hans-CN, it might try zh-Hant-CN.
- Example: For pt-BR, it might try pt-PT or pt-MO.
Default Key:
If no suitable translation is found, the key itself is returned. This could represent the default locale translation.
- Example 1: If your code is Text('Hello there'.i18n) and no suitable translation is found, it will print Hello there.

Reading the current locale

You can get the current locale by using the context:

Locale locale = context.locale;
Locale locale = I18n.of(context).locale;

However, you can also get the locale statically, allowing you to use it in non-widget code:

// Get a `Locale` object, like Locale('en', 'US') 
Locale locale = I18n.locale;

// Or get a BCP47 language tag string, like 'en-US'
String languageTag = I18n.languageTag;
String languageTag = I18n.locale.format();

// Or get a locale string with a specific separator, like 'en|US'
String languageTag = I18n.locale.format(separator: '|');

// Or get only the lowercase language code part of the locale, like 'en'.
String language = I18n.language;

Note: Using I18n.localeStr is deprecated. It returns a lowercase string with underscores, like en_us.

Observing locale changes

You can use a global static callback to observe locale changes:

I18n.observeLocale = 
  ({required Locale oldLocale, required Locale newLocale}) 
      => print('Changed from $oldLocale to $newLocale.');

Const Translations

The ConstTranslations class allows you to define the translations as a const object, all at once. This not only is a little bit more efficient, but it's also better for "hot reload", since a const variable will respond to hot reloads, while final variables will not.

Here you provide all locale translations of the first translatable string, then all locale translations of the second one, and so on:

static const _t = ConstTranslations('en-US',
   {
     'i18n Demo': {
       'en-US': 'i18n Demo',
       'pt-BR': 'Demonstração i18n',
     },
     'Some text': {
       'en-US': 'Some text',
       'pt-BR': 'Algum texto',
     }
   },
);

IMPORTANT: Make sure the locales you provide are correct (no spaces, lowercase etc). Since this constructor is const, the package can’t normalize the locales for you. If you are not sure, call ConstTranslations.normalizeLocale(locale) on the locale before using it.

Unfortunately, the ConstTranslations class is not as flexible as the Translations class, as you can’t define modifiers like plural() etc with it. This limits its usefulness.

A quick recap of Flutter locales

Flutter comes with a Locale class used throughout the Flutter framework to handle internationalization.

The most common way to create a Locale is to call its default constructor and provide a language code (usually 2 or 3 lowercase letters) and a country code (usually 2 uppercase letters), as two separate strings.

For example:

var locale = Locale('en', 'US');

print(locale); // Prints `en_US`.
print(locale.languageCode); // Prints `en`.
print(locale.countryCode); // Prints `US`.
print(locale.scriptCode); // Prints `null`.

You may omit the country code:

var locale = Locale('en');

print(locale); // Prints `en`.
print(locale.languageCode); // Prints `en`.
print(locale.countryCode); // Prints `null`.
print(locale.scriptCode); // Prints `null`.

Unfortunately, Locale does not enforce case rules, while accepting invalid locales and being case-sensitive, a bad combination that can lead to bugs. For example, Locale('en', 'US') is not equal to Locale('en', 'us'), and the second one is created with no errors, even though it's invalid.

You also have to remember not to provide the language and country codes as a single String. For example, this is wrong:

// This will create a language called en_US and no country code.
var locale = Locale('en_US');

print(locale); // Prints `en_US`.
print(locale.languageCode); // Also prints `en_US`.
print(locale.countryCode); // Prints `null`.
print(locale.scriptCode); // Prints `null`.

Also, unfortunately, the language and country codes alone are not enough to specify all possible locales. For example, in Chinese there are two "scripts", Simplified and Traditional, which are specified by the script codes Hans and Hant, respectively. Since the default Locale constructor does not accept a script code, you must use the Locale.fromSubtags constructor, like this:

// Prnts 'zh_Hans_CN'
print(Locale.fromSubtags(languageCode: 'zh', scriptCode: 'Hans', countryCode: 'CN'));

Finally, there is a problem regarding Locale.toString() use of underscores when printing the language code.

Both the Unicode Locale Identifier (ULI) and the IETF BCP47 language tags accept hyphens (-) as separators, but only ULI accepts underscores (_).

That's why en-US works for both ULI and BCP47, while en_US does not. The likely reason why Flutter's Locale uses underscores in its toString() method is because libraries like ICU (International Components for Unicode) and Java historically use underscores to separate the language and region codes in locale identifiers.

This convention stems from the early days of programming, where underscores were commonly used as a delimiter in code and file names because they were simple, unambiguous, and compatible across systems that might not handle special characters like hyphens well.

However, most language translation services, like MyTextAI, prefer the BCP47 convention: hyphens instead of underscores.

The i18n_extension package expected underscores in the translation definitions, up to version 2.0.6. However, starting from version 3.0.0 it expects hyphens. This means that if you are using i18n_extension version 3.0.0 or later, you should use hyphens in your locale. To help with the transition, i18n_extension version 3.0.0 will throw descriptive errors if it finds underscores in your translation definitions.

This is an example of a valid translation definition:

Translations.byText('en-US') +
   {
      'en-US': 'Hello, how are you?',
      'pt-BR': 'Olá, como vai você?',
      'es': '¿Hola! Cómo estás?',
      'fr': 'Salut, comment ca va?',
      'de': 'Hallo, wie geht es dir?',
   };

Using `Locale.asLocale` extension

If you don’t want to deal with the quirks of Locale objects, you can create them from string language tags with asLocale extension provided by the i18n_extension package. For example:

var locale = 'en-US'.asLocale;

Ideally, the string should be a valid IETF BCP47 Locale Identifier (which is compatible with the Unicode Locale Identifier (ULI) syntax). such as 'en', 'en-US', 'pt-BR', 'es-419', 'hi-Deva-IN' or 'zh-Hans-CN'.

However, the asLocale extension will automatically fix lowercase/uppercase issues, and will accept all these separators: - _ | . , ;, and convert them to hyphens.

For example, the following lines are all equivalent:

var locale = Locale('en', 'US'); 
var locale = 'en-US'.asLocale; 
var locale = 'en_US'.asLocale; 
var locale = 'en-us'.asLocale; 
var locale = 'EN-US'.asLocale; 
var locale = 'en US'.asLocale; 
var locale = 'en|US'.asLocale; 
var locale = 'en.uS'.asLocale; 
var locale = 'eN,US'.asLocale; 
var locale = 'en;US'.asLocale;

Using `Locale.format()` extension

As discussed, Locale.toString() returns the language code and the country code separated by an underscore. For example, Locale('en', 'US').toString() returns en_US. However, Locale does come with a toLanguageTag() method that returns the language code and the country code separated by a hyphen. For example, Locale('en', 'US').toLanguageTag() returns en-US.

The i18n_extension package provides a format() extension that also returns the language code and the country code separated by a hyphen, but fixes any
case issues with the locale representation. For example, Locale('en', 'us').format() correctly returns en-US, even though Locale('en', 'us').toLanguageTag() returns en-us.

Note the format extension also allows you to specify a different separator. For example, Locale('en', 'us').format(separator: '|') returns en|US.

To sum up, the recommendation is to use the provided asLocale extension to create Locale objects from string language tags; and the format() extension to convert Locale objects back to string language tags, if needed.

Dart-only package

This i18n_extension Flutter package depends on the Dart-only package i18n_extension_core.

If you are creating code for a Dart server (backend), or developing some Dart-only package yourself that does not depend on Flutter, then you can use the i18n_extension_core package directly:

import 'package:i18n_extension_core/i18n_extension_core.dart';

extension Localization on String {
   static var t = Translations.byText('en-US') + {'en-US':'Hello', 'pt-BR':'Olá'};
   String get i18n => localize(this, t);
}

DefaultLocale.set('es-ES');
expect('Hello'.i18n, 'Hola');

The only important difference is that you must use DefaultLocale.set() instead of I18n.of(context).locale = ... to set the locale. And you won’t have access and won’t need to use the i18n widget, obviously.

Load translations from files

If you want to load translations from .json files in your assets directory, create a folder and add some translation files like this:

assets
└── translations
    ├── en-US.json
    ├── es-ES.json
    ├── zh-Hans-CN.json
    └── pt.json

You can also use .po files:

assets
└── translations
    ├── en-US.po
    ├── es-ES.po
    ├── zh-Hans-CN.po
    └── pt.po

Don't forget to declare your assets directory in your pubspec.yaml:

flutter:
  assets:
    - assets/translations/

Then, you can load the translations using Translations.byFile():

extension MyTranslations on String {
  static final _t = Translations.byFile('en-US', dir: 'assets/translations');     
  String get i18n => localize(this, _t);  
}

The above code will asynchronously load all the translations from the .json and .po files present in the assets/translations directory, and then rebuild your widgets with those new translations.

Note: Since rebuilding widgets when the translations finish loading can cause a visible flicker, you can optionally avoid that by preloading the translations before running your app. To that end, first create a load() method in your MyTranslations extension:

extension MyTranslations on String {
  static final _t = Translations.byFile('en-US', dir: 'assets/translations');  
  String get i18n => localize(this, _t);  
  
  static Future<void> load() => _t.load(); // Here!  
}

And then, in your main() method, call MyTranslations.load() before running the app:

void main() async {
  WidgetsFlutterBinding.ensureInitialized();
  
  await MyTranslations.load(); // Here!
  
  runApp(
    I18n(
      initialLocale: await I18n.loadLocale(),
      autoSaveLocale: true,
      child: AppCore(),
    ),
  );
}

Try running the load by file example.

Another alternative is using a FutureBuilder:

return FutureBuilder(
  future: MyTranslations.load(),
  builder: (context, snapshot) {
    if (snapshot.connectionState == ConnectionState.done) {
    return MyWidget(...);
  } else {
    return const Center(child: CircularProgressIndicator());
  } ...

Note: The load process has a default timeout of 0.5 seconds. If the timeout is reached, the future returned by load will complete, but the load process still continues in the background, and the widgets will rebuild automatically when the translations finally finish loading. Optionally, you can provide a different timeout duration.

Note: The code to load translations from files is adapted from original code created by Johann Bauer.

Load translations from the web

You can use Translations.byHttp() to load translations from .json or .po files on the web, using https. Use it like this:

extension MyTranslations on String {
  
  static final _t = Translations.byHttp('en-US', 
    url: 'https://example.com/translations', 
    resources: ['en-US.json', 'es.json', 'pt-BR.po', 'fr.po']);
  );
       
  String get i18n => localize(this, _t);  
}

The above code will asynchronously load all the resources listed above:

https://example.com/translations/en-US.json
https://example.com/translations/es.json
https://example.com/translations/pt-BR.po
https://example.com/translations/fr.po

It will then rebuild your widgets with those new translations.

extension MyTranslations on String {
  static final _t = Translations.byHttp('en-US', url: ..., resources: ...);  
  String get i18n => localize(this, _t);  
  
  static Future<void> load() => _t.load(); // Here!  
}

And then, in your main() method, call MyTranslations.load() before running the app:

void main() async {
  WidgetsFlutterBinding.ensureInitialized();
  
  await MyTranslations.load(); // Here!
  
  runApp(
    I18n(
      initialLocale: await I18n.loadLocale(),
      autoSaveLocale: true,
      child: AppCore(),
    ),
  );
}

Try running the load by http example.

Another alternative is using a FutureBuilder:

return FutureBuilder(
  future: MyTranslations.load(),
  builder: (context, snapshot) {
    if (snapshot.connectionState == ConnectionState.done) {
    return MyWidget(...);
  } else {
    return const Center(child: CircularProgressIndicator());
  } ...

Note: The load by http process has a default timeout of 1 second. If the timeout is reached, the future returned by load will complete, but the load process still continues in the background, and the widgets will rebuild automatically when the translations finally finish loading. Optionally, you can provide a different timeout duration.

Translation formats

The following formats may be used with translations:

PO: https://poedit.net
JSON: Can be used, however it lacks specific features for translation, like plurals and gender.
ARB: This is based on JSON, and is the default format for Flutter localizations. https://github.com/google/app-resource-bundle/wiki/ApplicationResourceBundleSpecification
ICU: https://format-message.github.io/icu-message-format-for-translators/
XLIFF: This is based in XML. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XLIFF
CSV: You can open this with Excel, save it in .XLSX and edit it there. However, beware not to export it back to CSV with the wrong settings (using something else than UTF-8 as encoding). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma-separated_values
YAML: Can be used, however it lacks specific features for translation, like plurals and gender.

Currently, only .PO and .JSON loaders are supported out-of-the-box, but if you need to load from any other custom format, remember loading translations is easy to do because the Translation constructors use maps as input. If you can generate a map from your file format, you can then use the Translation.byLocale() constructor to create the translation objects.

If you want to create custom loaders that are used automatically when you call Translations.byFile(), you can do that by extending the I18nLoader class, and then adding your custom loader to the static I18n.loaders list.

To see an example on how to create a loader, this is how I18nJsonLoader is implemented to load .json files:

class I18nJsonLoader extends I18nLoader {

  @override
  String get extension => '.json';

  @override
  Map<String, dynamic> decode(String source) => json.decode(source);
}

Exporting

As previously discussed, i18n_extension will automatically list all keys into a map if you use some unknown locale, run the app, and manually or automatically go through all the screens. For example, create a Greek locale if your app doesn’t have Greek translations, and it will list all keys into Translations.missingTranslationCallback.

Then you can read from this map and create your exported file. There is also this package that goes through all screens automatically.

Another alternative is to use the i18n_extension_importer package, at https://pub.dev/packages/i18n_extension_importer, where you can find the GetStrings exporting utility, created by Johann Bauer. It's a useful script designed to automate the export of all translatable strings from your project. Simply run flutter pub run i18n_extension_importer:getstrings in your project root directory, and you will get a list of strings to translate in strings.json.

FAQ

Q: Do I need to maintain the translation files as Dart files?

A: Not really. You do have a Dart file that creates a Translation object, yes, and this object is optimized for easily creating translations by hand. But it creates them from maps. So if you can create maps from some file you can use that file. For example, a simple code generator that reads .json und outputs Dart maps would do the job: var _t = Translations.byText('en-US') + readFromJson('myfile.json').

Q: If the app is using the system locale, and the user goes into the device settings and changes the locale, would the app pick up the new locale automatically or would you have to restart the app?

A: It picks up changes to the locale automatically.

Q: What's the point of importing 'default.i18n.dart'?

A: This is the default file to import from your widgets. It lets the developer add .i18n to any strings they want to mark as being a "translatable string". Later, someone will have to remove this default file and add another one with the translations. You basically just change the import later. The point of importing default.i18n.dart before you create the translations for that widget is that it will record them as missing translations, so that you don’t forget to add those translations later.

Q: Can I translate strings in regular code, outside of widgets?

A: Yes, since you don’t need access to context. You can even get the current locale from I18n.locale, which is static, and everything works with pure Dart code. This means you can translate anything you want, from any code. You can also define a locale on the fly if you want to do translations to a locale that is different from the current one.

Q: By using identifier keys like howAreYou, I know there’s a localization key named howAreYou, because otherwise my code wouldn't compile. If I instead decide to use strings as keys, is there a way to know at compile time that 'How are you?'.i18n is a valid localization key?

A: i18n_extension lets you decide if you want to use identifier keys like howAreYou or not. Not having to use identifiers was one of the main things I was trying to achieve, as I hate having to come up with them. I think the developer should be able to simply type the text they want and be done with it. In i18n_extension, if you just type the text itself, in your default language, that is always a valid key. Your code will always compile when you type a String, and that exact string will be used as your default language. It will never break.

Q: What happens if a developer tries to call i18n on a key without translations?

A: With i18n_extension you can generate a report with all missing translations, and you can even add those checks to tests.

Q: Do I actually need one .i18n.dart (a translations file) per widget?

A: No you don’t. It's suggested that you create a translation file per widget if you are doing translations by hand, but that's not a requirement. The reason I think separate files is a good idea is that sometimes internationalization is not only translations. You may need to format dates in specific ways, or make complex functions to create specific strings that depend on variables etc. So in these cases you will probably need somewhere to put this code. In any case, to make translations work all you need a Translation object which you can create in many ways, by adding maps to it using the + operator, or by adding other translation objects together using the * operator. You can create this Translation objects anywhere you want, in a single file per widget, in a single file for many widgets, or in a single file for the whole app. Also, if you are not doing translations by hand but importing strings from translation files, then you don’t even need a separate file. You can just add extension Localization on String { String get i18n => localize(this, Translations.byText('en-US') + load('file.json')); } to your own widget file.

Q: Won’t having multiple files with extension Localization lead to people importing the wrong file and have translations missing?

A: The package records all your missing translations, and you can also easily log or throw an exception if they are missing. So you will know if you import the wrong file. You can also add this reports to your unit tests. It will let you know even if you import the right file and translations are missing in some language, and it will let you know even if you import from .arb files and translations are missing in some language.

Q: Are there importers for X?

A: Currently, only .PO and .JSON importers are supported out-of-the-box. However, since the Translations object use maps as input/output, you can use whatever file you want if you convert them to a map yourself.

Q: How does it report missing translations?

A: _At the moment you should just print Translations.missingKeys and Translations.missingTranslations. We'll later create a Translations.printReport() function that correlates these two pieces of information and outputs a more readable report.

By Marcelo Glasberg

glasberg.dev
github.com/marcglasberg
linkedin.com/in/marcglasberg/
twitter.com/glasbergmarcelo
stackoverflow.com/users/3411681/marcg
medium.com/@marcglasberg

My article in the official Flutter documentation:

Understanding constraints

The Flutter packages I've authored:

My Medium Articles:

Async Redux: Flutter’s non-boilerplate version of Redux (versions: Português)
i18n_extension (versions: Português)
Flutter: The Advanced Layout Rule Even Beginners Must Know (versions: русский)
The New Way to create Themes in your Flutter App

Translate your app!

Option 1: Strings are translation keys

Option 2: Identifiers are translation keys

Other features

See it working

Setup

Initial locale

Auto saving the locale

Translating a widget

Or use identifiers

Recommended way

Finding missing translations

Defining translations by locale instead of by key

Combining translations

Interpolation with named placeholders

Interpolation with numbered placeholders

Interpolation with unnamed placeholders

Interpolation with sprintf

Translation modifiers

Custom modifiers

Direct use of translation objects

Changing the current locale

Fallback rules

Reading the current locale

Observing locale changes

Const Translations

A quick recap of Flutter locales

Using `Locale.asLocale` extension

Using `Locale.format()` extension

Dart-only package

Load translations from files

Load translations from the web

Translation formats

Exporting

FAQ

By Marcelo Glasberg

Libraries

i18n_extension package

Translate your app!

Option 1: Strings are translation keys

Option 2: Identifiers are translation keys

Other features

See it working

Setup

Initial locale

Auto saving the locale

Translating a widget

Or use identifiers

Recommended way

Finding missing translations

Defining translations by locale instead of by key

Combining translations

Interpolation with named placeholders

Interpolation with numbered placeholders

Interpolation with unnamed placeholders

Interpolation with sprintf

Translation modifiers

Custom modifiers

Direct use of translation objects

Changing the current locale

Fallback rules

Reading the current locale

Observing locale changes

Const Translations

A quick recap of Flutter locales

Using Locale.asLocale extension

Using Locale.format() extension

Dart-only package

Load translations from files

Load translations from the web

Translation formats

Exporting

FAQ

By Marcelo Glasberg

Libraries

i18n_extension package

Using `Locale.asLocale` extension

Using `Locale.format()` extension