double toe(double x) { const double k1 = 0.206; const double k2 = 0.03; const double k3 = (1 + k1) / (1 + k2); return 0.5 * (k3 * x - k1 + math.sqrt((k3 * x - k1) * (k3 * x - k1) + 4 * k2 * k3 * x)); }