media_manager

A Flutter plugin for browsing media files on Android, iOS, and macOS.
Provides paginated queries, on-disk thumbnail caching, directory browsing, archive discovery (zip / rar / 7z / apk …) and storage permission handling — all with zero large byte-array transfers over the method channel.

Platform Support

Platform	Min Version	Status
Android	API 24 (7.0)	✅ Fully supported
iOS	13.0	✅ Fully supported
macOS	10.11 (El Capitan)	✅ Fully supported
Windows / Linux / Web	—	❌ Not supported

Features

Paginated media queries — images, videos, audio, documents, archives, or any custom extension. Pagination runs at the SQLite / PHFetchOptions level so only the requested page is loaded into memory.
Archive discovery — zip, rar, 7z, tar, gz, apk, epub and 20+ more. Merges a file-system scan with the MediaStore result so files in Download/ that were never indexed still appear.
On-disk thumbnail cache — thumbnails are saved as JPEG files; only the path crosses the method channel. Cache key is md5(uri + width + height + dateModified), so stale thumbnails are automatically regenerated.
Directory browser — well-known public folders and paginated directory listing.
Permission helpers — runtime storage permission + "All files access" (MANAGE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE) detection for Android 11+.

Installation

dependencies:
  media_manager: ^1.0.4

```bash
flutter pub get

Android setup

Add android:requestLegacyExternalStorage="true" to <application> in your AndroidManifest.xml (required for Android 9 and below):

<application
    android:label="my_app"
    android:name="${applicationName}"
    android:icon="@mipmap/ic_launcher"
    android:requestLegacyExternalStorage="true">

To show archives / documents from folders like Download/ on Android 11+, you also need to declare MANAGE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE in your app manifest and guide the user to grant it:

<uses-permission
    android:name="android.permission.MANAGE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE"
    tools:ignore="ScopedStorage" />

All media permissions (READ_MEDIA_IMAGES, READ_MEDIA_VIDEO, READ_MEDIA_AUDIO, READ_MEDIA_VISUAL_USER_SELECTED, READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE) are declared by the plugin automatically.

iOS / macOS setup

No additional setup required.

Quick start

import 'dart:io';
import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
import 'package:media_manager/media_manager.dart';

final mm = MediaManager();

Future<void> quickStart() async {
  // 1. Request permission
  final granted = await mm.requestStoragePermission();
  if (!granted) return;

  // 2. Count total images
  final total = await mm.getMediaCount(type: MediaType.image);

  // 3. Load first page (60 items)
  final items = await mm.getMediaPage(
    type: MediaType.image,
    page: 0,
    pageSize: 60,
  );

  // 4. Generate a thumbnail (returns absolute path to a cached JPEG)
  if (items.isNotEmpty) {
    final thumbPath = await mm.getThumbnail(
      uriOrPath: items.first.uri,
      width: 200,
      dateModified: items.first.dateModified,
      kind: items.first.kind, // "image" | "video" | "audio"
    );
    // Display: Image.file(File(thumbPath!))
  }
}

Complete API Reference

1. `getPlatformVersion()`

Returns a human-readable string identifying the OS and version.

final String? version = await mm.getPlatformVersion();
// "Android 14"  |  "iOS 17.4"  |  "macOS 14.5"
print('Running on: $version');

2. `hasStoragePermission()`

Checks whether the required media-read permission is already granted, without showing a dialog.

final bool already = await mm.hasStoragePermission();
if (already) {
  // safe to query media
} else {
  // call requestStoragePermission() first
}

3. `requestStoragePermission()`

Shows the system permission dialog. Returns true when at least one media permission was granted.

final bool granted = await mm.requestStoragePermission();
if (!granted) {
  // user denied — show rationale or disable media features
  return;
}
// proceed with media queries

4. `hasAllFilesAccess()`

Reports whether the "All files access" special setting (MANAGE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE) is active.
Required on Android 11+ to scan Download/, Documents/ and other folders for archives and custom file types.
Always returns true on Android ≤10, iOS and macOS.

final bool fullAccess = await mm.hasAllFilesAccess();
if (!fullAccess) {
  // Optionally prompt the user before opening settings
  final confirmed = await showDialog<bool>(
    context: context,
    builder: (ctx) => AlertDialog(
      title: const Text('Enable All Files Access'),
      content: const Text(
        'To show ZIP, RAR, APK and documents from Downloads, '
        'the app needs "All files access".',
      ),
      actions: [
        TextButton(
          onPressed: () => Navigator.pop(ctx, false),
          child: const Text('Skip'),
        ),
        FilledButton(
          onPressed: () => Navigator.pop(ctx, true),
          child: const Text('Open Settings'),
        ),
      ],
    ),
  );
  if (confirmed == true) {
    await mm.openAllFilesAccessSettings();
  }
}

5. `openAllFilesAccessSettings()`

Navigates to the system "All files access" page for the app (Android 11+ only). No-op on other platforms.

// Call after hasAllFilesAccess() returns false
await mm.openAllFilesAccessSettings();
// The user grants the setting in System settings, then returns to the app

6. `getMediaCount()`

Returns the total number of items matching the filter. Use it to compute page count before loading.

// Count all images
final int imageCount = await mm.getMediaCount(type: MediaType.image);

// Count videos
final int videoCount = await mm.getMediaCount(type: MediaType.video);

// Count PDF files only
final int pdfCount = await mm.getMediaCount(
  type: MediaType.document,
  extensions: ['pdf'],
);

// Count archive files
final int archiveCount = await mm.getArchiveCount();

// Compute page count for a paginated list
const pageSize = 60;
final int pages = (imageCount / pageSize).ceil();
print('$imageCount images across $pages pages');

7. `getMediaPage()`

Returns one page of MediaItem objects sorted newest-first. Pagination is done at the database/filesystem level.

// Images — page 0
final List<MediaItem> images = await mm.getMediaPage(
  type: MediaType.image,
  page: 0,
  pageSize: 60,
);

// Videos — page 1
final List<MediaItem> videos = await mm.getMediaPage(
  type: MediaType.video,
  page: 1,
  pageSize: 30,
);

// Audio files
final List<MediaItem> audio = await mm.getMediaPage(
  type: MediaType.audio,
  page: 0,
  pageSize: 50,
);

// Documents — PDF only
final List<MediaItem> pdfs = await mm.getMediaPage(
  type: MediaType.document,
  extensions: ['pdf'],
  page: 0,
  pageSize: 40,
);

// All document types (PDF, Word, Excel, TXT, …)
final List<MediaItem> docs = await mm.getMediaPage(
  type: MediaType.document,
  page: 0,
  pageSize: 50,
);

// Use the items
for (final item in images) {
  print('${item.name}  ${item.size} bytes  ${item.mimeType}');
  print('  uri: ${item.uri}');
  print('  ${item.width}x${item.height}  modified: ${item.dateModified}');
}

MediaItem fields

Field	Type	Description
`id`	`int`	MediaStore row ID (Android) or asset ID (iOS)
`uri`	`String`	`content://` URI (Android) or absolute path (iOS/macOS)
`name`	`String`	Display name including extension
`size`	`int`	File size in bytes
`dateModified`	`int`	Last-modified timestamp in ms since epoch
`mediaType`	`int`	Raw platform media-type constant
`mimeType`	`String?`	MIME type, e.g. `"image/jpeg"`
`width`	`int`	Image/video width in px (0 if unavailable)
`height`	`int`	Image/video height in px (0 if unavailable)
`duration`	`int`	Audio/video duration in ms (0 if unavailable)
`path`	`String?`	Absolute file-system path when available
`kind`	`String`	Derived: `"image"` \| `"video"` \| `"audio"`

8. `getArchiveFiles()`

Convenience method for MediaType.archive. Merges a MediaStore query with a file-system walk so that zip/rar files sitting in Download/ that were never indexed by the media scanner are still returned.

// All archive types (zip, rar, 7z, tar, gz, apk, epub, …)
final List<MediaItem> archives = await mm.getArchiveFiles(
  page: 0,
  pageSize: 50,
);

// ZIP files only
final List<MediaItem> zips = await mm.getArchiveFiles(
  extensions: ['zip'],
  page: 0,
  pageSize: 50,
);

// APK files
final List<MediaItem> apks = await mm.getArchiveFiles(
  extensions: ['apk'],
  page: 0,
);

for (final a in archives) {
  final ext = a.name.split('.').last.toUpperCase();
  print('[$ext] ${a.name}  ${(a.size / 1024).toStringAsFixed(1)} KB');
}

9. `getArchiveCount()`

Total number of archive files on the device.

final int total = await mm.getArchiveCount();
print('Found $total archive files');

// Count only ZIP files
final int zipCount = await mm.getArchiveCount(extensions: ['zip']);

10. `getThumbnail()`

Generates (or returns a cached) thumbnail for any media file. Returns the absolute path to a JPEG on disk — no byte arrays cross the channel.

// Image thumbnail
final String? imgPath = await mm.getThumbnail(
  uriOrPath: item.uri,
  width: 200,           // optional, default 256
  height: 200,          // optional, defaults to width
  dateModified: item.dateModified,
  kind: 'image',
);

// Video frame thumbnail
final String? vidPath = await mm.getThumbnail(
  uriOrPath: videoItem.uri,
  width: 320,
  dateModified: videoItem.dateModified,
  kind: 'video',
);

// Audio album-art thumbnail
final String? artPath = await mm.getThumbnail(
  uriOrPath: audioItem.uri,
  width: 128,
  dateModified: audioItem.dateModified,
  kind: 'audio',
);

// Display any of the above
if (imgPath != null) {
  Image.file(
    File(imgPath),
    fit: BoxFit.cover,
    cacheWidth: 200, // reduces Flutter decode cost
  );
}

11. `clearThumbnailCache()`

Deletes every cached thumbnail JPEG from disk. Call when the user requests a cache clear or when free space is low.

await mm.clearThumbnailCache();
ScaffoldMessenger.of(context).showSnackBar(
  const SnackBar(content: Text('Thumbnail cache cleared')),
);

12. `getDirectories()`

Returns well-known public folders as a List<Map<String, String>> with keys "name" and "path".

final List<Map<String, String>> dirs = await mm.getDirectories();

// Android returns: Internal Storage, DCIM, Pictures, Movies, Music,
//                  Downloads, Documents
// iOS/macOS return app sandbox directories

for (final d in dirs) {
  print('📁 ${d['name']}: ${d['path']}');
}

// Navigate into a folder
final dcim = dirs.firstWhere((d) => d['name'] == 'DCIM');
final contents = await mm.getDirectoryContents(path: dcim['path']!);

13. `getDirectoryContents()`

Returns a paginated listing of one directory. Sorted: folders first (alphabetical), then files (alphabetical).

// List the Downloads folder, page 0
final List<Map<String, dynamic>> entries = await mm.getDirectoryContents(
  path: '/storage/emulated/0/Download',
  page: 0,
  pageSize: 200,
);

for (final e in entries) {
  final bool isDir = e['isDirectory'] as bool;
  final String name = e['name'] as String;
  final int size = e['size'] as int;
  final String ext = e['extension'] as String;

  if (isDir) {
    print('📁 $name/');
  } else {
    final kb = (size / 1024).toStringAsFixed(1);
    print('📄 $name  [$ext]  $kb KB');
  }
}

// Load the next page
final page2 = await mm.getDirectoryContents(
  path: '/storage/emulated/0/Download',
  page: 1,
  pageSize: 200,
);

Entry map keys

Key	Type	Description
`name`	`String`	File or folder name
`path`	`String`	Absolute path
`isDirectory`	`bool`	`true` for directories
`size`	`int`	Bytes (0 for directories)
`dateModified`	`int`	Epoch ms
`extension`	`String`	Lowercase extension, empty for directories

`MediaType` values

Value	Covers
`MediaType.image`	jpg, jpeg, png, gif, bmp, webp, heic, heif, tiff …
`MediaType.video`	mp4, mov, mkv, avi, webm, 3gp, m4v …
`MediaType.audio`	mp3, m4a, flac, ogg, wav, aac, opus …
`MediaType.document`	pdf, doc/x, xls/x, ppt/x, txt, csv, html, md, log, yaml/ini, epub, zip, apk, xapk, exe, msi, msix, bat, ps1, iso, img, dmg, db, sqlite …
`MediaType.archive`	zip, rar, 7z, tar, gz, tgz, bz2, xz, lzma, zst, apk, aab, deb, rpm, jar, cbz, epub …
`MediaType.any`	All files — combine with `extensions` for custom types

Custom extension search

Use MediaType.any with an extensions list to find any file type that MediaStore knows about, plus a file-system scan for formats it may have missed.

// Source code files
final List<MediaItem> code = await mm.getMediaPage(
  type: MediaType.any,
  extensions: ['dart', 'kt', 'swift', 'py', 'js', 'ts'],
  page: 0,
);

// Database files
final List<MediaItem> dbs = await mm.getMediaPage(
  type: MediaType.any,
  extensions: ['db', 'sqlite', 'sqlite3'],
  page: 0,
);

// Configuration files
final List<MediaItem> configs = await mm.getMediaPage(
  type: MediaType.any,
  extensions: ['json', 'yaml', 'yml', 'toml', 'ini', 'cfg'],
  page: 0,
);

// APK installer files
final List<MediaItem> apks = await mm.getMediaPage(
  type: MediaType.any,
  extensions: ['apk'],
  page: 0,
);

Infinite-scroll list example

A complete paginated list that auto-loads the next page when the user scrolls near the bottom.

class MediaListPage extends StatefulWidget {
  const MediaListPage({super.key});
  @override
  State<MediaListPage> createState() => _MediaListPageState();
}

class _MediaListPageState extends State<MediaListPage> {
  static const _pageSize = 60;
  final _mm = MediaManager();
  final _items = <MediaItem>[];
  final _scroll = ScrollController();
  int _page = 0;
  int _total = 0;
  bool _loading = false;

  @override
  void initState() {
    super.initState();
    _scroll.addListener(_onScroll);
    _loadNext();
  }

  @override
  void dispose() {
    _scroll.dispose();
    super.dispose();
  }

  void _onScroll() {
    if (_scroll.position.pixels >= _scroll.position.maxScrollExtent - 300) {
      _loadNext();
    }
  }

  Future<void> _loadNext() async {
    if (_loading || _items.length >= _total && _total > 0) return;
    setState(() => _loading = true);
    try {
      if (_total == 0) {
        _total = await _mm.getMediaCount(type: MediaType.image);
      }
      final page = await _mm.getMediaPage(
        type: MediaType.image,
        page: _page++,
        pageSize: _pageSize,
      );
      setState(() => _items.addAll(page));
    } finally {
      if (mounted) setState(() => _loading = false);
    }
  }

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Scaffold(
      appBar: AppBar(title: Text('Images ($_total)')),
      body: GridView.builder(
        controller: _scroll,
        padding: const EdgeInsets.all(4),
        gridDelegate: const SliverGridDelegateWithFixedCrossAxisCount(
          crossAxisCount: 3,
          mainAxisSpacing: 4,
          crossAxisSpacing: 4,
        ),
        itemCount: _items.length + (_loading ? 1 : 0),
        itemBuilder: (ctx, i) {
          if (i >= _items.length) {
            return const Center(child: CircularProgressIndicator(strokeWidth: 2));
          }
          return _ThumbnailTile(item: _items[i], mm: _mm);
        },
      ),
    );
  }
}

class _ThumbnailTile extends StatefulWidget {
  final MediaItem item;
  final MediaManager mm;
  const _ThumbnailTile({required this.item, required this.mm});
  @override
  State<_ThumbnailTile> createState() => _ThumbnailTileState();
}

class _ThumbnailTileState extends State<_ThumbnailTile> {
  String? _path;
  bool _error = false;

  @override
  void initState() {
    super.initState();
    WidgetsBinding.instance.addPostFrameCallback((_) => _load());
  }

  Future<void> _load() async {
    try {
      final p = await widget.mm.getThumbnail(
        uriOrPath: widget.item.uri,
        width: 200,
        dateModified: widget.item.dateModified,
        kind: widget.item.kind,
      );
      if (mounted) setState(() => _path = p);
    } catch (_) {
      if (mounted) setState(() => _error = true);
    }
  }

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    if (_path != null) {
      return ClipRRect(
        borderRadius: BorderRadius.circular(4),
        child: Image.file(
          File(_path!),
          fit: BoxFit.cover,
          cacheWidth: 200,
          errorBuilder: (_, __, ___) => _placeholder(Icons.broken_image),
        ),
      );
    }
    return _placeholder(_error ? Icons.broken_image : Icons.image);
  }

  Widget _placeholder(IconData icon) => Container(
    color: Colors.grey[200],
    child: Icon(icon, color: Colors.grey[400]),
  );
}

Permission setup example

Full permission flow including "All files access" for archives on Android 11+.

class _MyAppState extends State<MyApp> {
  final _mm = MediaManager();

  @override
  void initState() {
    super.initState();
    _setup();
  }

  Future<void> _setup() async {
    // Step 1 — basic media permission
    final granted = await _mm.requestStoragePermission();
    if (!granted) return;

    // Step 2 — all-files access for archives / documents on Android 11+
    final fullAccess = await _mm.hasAllFilesAccess();
    if (!fullAccess && mounted) {
      final go = await showDialog<bool>(
        context: context,
        builder: (ctx) => AlertDialog(
          title: const Text('All Files Access'),
          content: const Text(
            'Grant "All files access" to browse ZIP, RAR and APK files '
            'from your Downloads folder.',
          ),
          actions: [
            TextButton(
              onPressed: () => Navigator.pop(ctx, false),
              child: const Text('Later'),
            ),
            FilledButton(
              onPressed: () => Navigator.pop(ctx, true),
              child: const Text('Open Settings'),
            ),
          ],
        ),
      );
      if (go == true) await _mm.openAllFilesAccessSettings();
    }
  }
}

Archive browser example

class ArchiveBrowserPage extends StatefulWidget {
  const ArchiveBrowserPage({super.key});
  @override
  State<ArchiveBrowserPage> createState() => _ArchiveBrowserPageState();
}

class _ArchiveBrowserPageState extends State<ArchiveBrowserPage> {
  final _mm = MediaManager();
  List<MediaItem> _archives = [];
  int _total = 0;
  bool _loading = true;

  @override
  void initState() {
    super.initState();
    _load();
  }

  Future<void> _load() async {
    setState(() => _loading = true);
    _total = await _mm.getArchiveCount();
    _archives = await _mm.getArchiveFiles(page: 0, pageSize: 100);
    if (mounted) setState(() => _loading = false);
  }

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Scaffold(
      appBar: AppBar(
        title: Text('Archives ($_total)'),
        actions: [
          IconButton(icon: const Icon(Icons.refresh), onPressed: _load),
        ],
      ),
      body: _loading
          ? const Center(child: CircularProgressIndicator())
          : ListView.builder(
              itemCount: _archives.length,
              itemBuilder: (ctx, i) {
                final item = _archives[i];
                final ext = item.name.split('.').last.toUpperCase();
                final kb = (item.size / 1024).toStringAsFixed(1);
                return ListTile(
                  leading: CircleAvatar(child: Text(ext, style: const TextStyle(fontSize: 9))),
                  title: Text(item.name, maxLines: 1, overflow: TextOverflow.ellipsis),
                  subtitle: Text('$kb KB'),
                );
              },
            ),
    );
  }
}

Directory browser example

class DirectoryBrowserPage extends StatefulWidget {
  final String? initialPath;
  const DirectoryBrowserPage({super.key, this.initialPath});
  @override
  State<DirectoryBrowserPage> createState() => _DirectoryBrowserPageState();
}

class _DirectoryBrowserPageState extends State<DirectoryBrowserPage> {
  final _mm = MediaManager();
  List<Map<String, dynamic>> _entries = [];
  String _currentPath = '';
  bool _loading = false;

  @override
  void initState() {
    super.initState();
    if (widget.initialPath != null) {
      _browse(widget.initialPath!);
    } else {
      _loadRoots();
    }
  }

  Future<void> _loadRoots() async {
    setState(() => _loading = true);
    final dirs = await _mm.getDirectories();
    // Convert to a list of directory entries for display
    setState(() {
      _entries = dirs.map((d) => {
        'name': d['name'],
        'path': d['path'],
        'isDirectory': true,
        'size': 0,
        'extension': '',
      }).toList();
      _loading = false;
    });
  }

  Future<void> _browse(String path) async {
    setState(() { _loading = true; _currentPath = path; });
    final contents = await _mm.getDirectoryContents(
      path: path,
      page: 0,
      pageSize: 300,
    );
    if (mounted) setState(() { _entries = contents; _loading = false; });
  }

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Scaffold(
      appBar: AppBar(
        title: Text(_currentPath.isEmpty
            ? 'Storage'
            : _currentPath.split('/').last),
        leading: _currentPath.isNotEmpty
            ? BackButton(onPressed: () => setState(() {
                _currentPath = _currentPath.substring(
                    0, _currentPath.lastIndexOf('/'));
                if (_currentPath.isEmpty) _loadRoots();
                else _browse(_currentPath);
              }))
            : null,
      ),
      body: _loading
          ? const Center(child: CircularProgressIndicator())
          : ListView.builder(
              itemCount: _entries.length,
              itemBuilder: (ctx, i) {
                final e = _entries[i];
                final isDir = e['isDirectory'] as bool;
                final name = e['name'] as String;
                final size = e['size'] as int;
                final ext = (e['extension'] as String).toUpperCase();
                return ListTile(
                  leading: Icon(
                    isDir ? Icons.folder : Icons.insert_drive_file,
                    color: isDir ? Colors.amber : Colors.blue,
                  ),
                  title: Text(name, maxLines: 1, overflow: TextOverflow.ellipsis),
                  subtitle: isDir
                      ? null
                      : Text('$ext  ${(size / 1024).toStringAsFixed(1)} KB'),
                  onTap: isDir
                      ? () => _browse(e['path'] as String)
                      : null,
                );
              },
            ),
    );
  }
}

Error codes

Code	Thrown by	Meaning
`QUERY_ERROR`	`getMediaPage`, `getMediaCount`	MediaStore / filesystem query failed
`FILE_ACCESS_ERROR`	`getDirectoryContents`	Cannot read directory
`INVALID_ARGUMENT`	`getThumbnail`	`uri` / `path` argument missing
`NO_ACTIVITY`	`requestStoragePermission`	Android activity not attached

try {
  final items = await mm.getMediaPage(type: MediaType.archive);
} on PlatformException catch (e) {
  switch (e.code) {
    case 'QUERY_ERROR':
      print('Query failed: ${e.message}');
    case 'FILE_ACCESS_ERROR':
      print('Cannot read directory: ${e.message}');
    default:
      print('Error ${e.code}: ${e.message}');
  }
}

License

MIT — see the LICENSE file for details.

media_manager

Platform Support

Features

Installation

Android setup

iOS / macOS setup

Quick start

Complete API Reference

1. `getPlatformVersion()`

2. `hasStoragePermission()`

3. `requestStoragePermission()`

4. `hasAllFilesAccess()`

5. `openAllFilesAccessSettings()`

6. `getMediaCount()`

7. `getMediaPage()`

8. `getArchiveFiles()`

9. `getArchiveCount()`

10. `getThumbnail()`

11. `clearThumbnailCache()`

12. `getDirectories()`

13. `getDirectoryContents()`

`MediaType` values

Custom extension search

Infinite-scroll list example

Thumbnail widget example

Permission setup example

Archive browser example

Directory browser example

Error codes

License

Libraries

media_manager package

media_manager

Platform Support

Features

Installation

Android setup

iOS / macOS setup

Quick start

Complete API Reference

1. getPlatformVersion()

2. hasStoragePermission()

3. requestStoragePermission()

4. hasAllFilesAccess()

5. openAllFilesAccessSettings()

6. getMediaCount()

7. getMediaPage()

8. getArchiveFiles()

9. getArchiveCount()

10. getThumbnail()

11. clearThumbnailCache()

12. getDirectories()

13. getDirectoryContents()

MediaType values

Custom extension search

Infinite-scroll list example

Thumbnail widget example

Permission setup example

Archive browser example

Directory browser example

Error codes

License

Libraries

media_manager package

1. `getPlatformVersion()`

2. `hasStoragePermission()`

3. `requestStoragePermission()`

4. `hasAllFilesAccess()`

5. `openAllFilesAccessSettings()`

6. `getMediaCount()`

7. `getMediaPage()`

8. `getArchiveFiles()`

9. `getArchiveCount()`

10. `getThumbnail()`

11. `clearThumbnailCache()`

12. `getDirectories()`

13. `getDirectoryContents()`

`MediaType` values